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Biol 308 - Moelcular Biology > Nucleic Acid and Protein Structure > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid and Protein Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA storing information

A
  • the entire DNA sequence is necessary for production of functional proteins and RNA
  • this information is carried by the sequences of bases
  • carries coding and regulatory signals
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2
Q

gene

A
  • entire DNA sequence necessary for production of functional protein or RNA
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3
Q

double helix

A
  • DNA strands are negative (polarity)
  • complementary
  • antiparallel
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4
Q

DNA replicates faithfully

A
  • two strands of the DNA will separate into templates to go and create two new daughter strong by the complementary base pairing
  • considered to be semiconservative replication
  • Meselson and Stahl
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5
Q

semiconservative

A
  • two strands of parental DNA separate and each serves as a template for synthesis of a new daughter strand by complementary base pairing
  • since one strand has the originally info and then pairs with a new one, this makes sure that the info is preserved
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6
Q

colinearity

A
  • nucleotide sequences in genes dictate amino acid sequences in proteins
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7
Q

covalent

A
  • aotms sharing electrons with each other to make a more stable connection
  • can be polar (presence of oxygen) or nonpolar
  • polar bonds have partial charges that allow them to make the hydrogen bond
  • does not change in water
  • STRONGEST
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8
Q

noncovalent - ionic

A
  • molecules with oppositely charged ions (difference in electronegativity)
  • completely transfering electrons
  • weak in water
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9
Q

noncovalent - hydrogen bonds

A
  • H atoms with covalently bond to a very electronegative atom that has a partial positive charge
  • can form weka bonds with positive H and electronegative atom
  • weak in water
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10
Q

noncovalent - Van der Waals Interactions

A
  • London dispersion forces
  • creating temporary dipoles
  • one molecule with help the electrons of the second moelculr arrange itself so the dipoles attract to the other one
  • if the distance becomes too close, they can repulse
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11
Q

noncovalent - hydrophobic

A
  • non-polar groups will be hidden from water and will have Van der Waal interactions
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12
Q

purines

A
  • 2 blockes
  • Adenine and Guanine
  • has a u in the word but its the opposite so you know that i contains A
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13
Q

pyrimidines

A
  • 1 block
  • cytosine, thymine and uracil
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14
Q

ribose sugars

A
  • deoxyribonucleotide, contains no oxygen and is for DNA
  • ribonucleotides, containing oxygen and for RNA
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15
Q

DNA strucure

A
  • right-handed helix
  • negatively charged backbones of the phosphate groups with the bases facing inside
  • bases are 0.34nm apart form each other
  • hydrogen bonds are what keep the chains together
  • anti-parellel chains
  • major and minor groover
  • A and T has 2 H bonds and G and C and 3
  • one complete turn in the structure every nucleotides or 3.4nm in length
  • diameter in 2nm
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16
Q

left-handed helix

A
  • can be seen from this angle but it is usually unreadable
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17
Q

denaturation

A
  • DNA strands will separate into their two daughter strands
    0 if they find another strand that is matching with their base pairs, it can create a new line of DNA
  • if they are not complementary, the strands will not hybridize
  • can happen by cool
18
Q

renaturation

A
  • the process of two strand hybridzing together to create a new strand of DNA
  • can happen by cooling
19
Q

renaturation

A
  • recombination of two complementary strands of DNA
  • DNA concentration, salt concentration, temperature, time, size and complexity
20
Q

Cot analysis

A
  • concentration of how many double-stranded DNA are at that time multiplied by the time that you measured the DNA at
  • measuring units of competxity, how many repeats you have in the sequnces
21
Q

biological compelxity

A
  • size of the functional and non-repetitive sections of a genome
  • duplicated, inserted sequences are not included in these
22
Q

circular DNA

A
  • composed of two strands of DNA that form an encoded structure without free ends = double circle
  • ex. plasmids
23
Q

topological isomers

A
  • DNA differing only in their states of supercoiling
  • important for the packing of DNA
  • can become linearized during replication and transcription
24
Q

supercoiling

A
  • reduces stress on DNA by twisting and untwisting the double helix
  • if one end is open, just untwist it
  • it both ends are fixed, then we look at the long linear DNA molecules
25
Q

twisting

A
  • the crossing of one strand of dsDNA over the other. It measures how tightly wound the helix is
25
Q

writhing

A
  • number of superhelical turns, refering to the twisting of dsDNA aixs in space
  • how many times the duplex DNA crosses over itself
26
Q

linking

A
  • the total number of times one strand of a closed moelcaulre of dsDNA encircles the other strand
    -relfects both the twisting and supercoiling
27
Q

RNA types

A
  • mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small RNA, ribozymes
28
Q

structure of RNA

A
  • primary is similar to DNA
  • secondary is when they form base-pair segments (ex. hairpins)
  • tertiary is when the base-pair segments interact with one another to form complex structures. can form things such as pseudoknots and motifs
29
Q

properties of R group

A
  • shape folding
  • protien charge
  • enzymatic properties
  • modification sites
  • hydrogran bonding
  • hydrophillic vs. phobic
30
Q

grouping of amino acids

A
  • polar
  • nonpolar
  • basic
  • acidic
31
Q

proteolytic cleavage

A
  • removal of the first methionine
32
Q

co-translational

A
  • class of protiens taht contain a signal sequnce for transport
33
Q

enzymes inovled in phosphoryltion

A
  • kinases: transfer P group from ATP to protein
  • phosphylases: transfer P from inorganic P
  • phosphatases: remove P
34
Q

phosphorylation

A
  • adding or remove a phosphate group
35
Q

sulfation

A
  • necessary for biological actity and it is added permanently
  • not used as a regulatory modification
36
Q

acylation

A
  • adding acetly group to n-terminus amino acid
37
Q

glycosilation

A
  • adding sugars to the proteins
  • major mechanism for cell surface identification
38
Q

methlyation

A
  • occuring as lysine residuces
  • adding methly group
39
Q

prenylation

A
  • addition of membrane anchoring compounds
40
Q

modifiable

A
  • modificaiton of nitrogenous based in DNA/RNA and amino acid R groups
41
Q

transient

A
  • wide variety of time length, depending on many intrinsic and extrinsic factors

Biol 308 - Moelcular Biology (3 decks)

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