Nucleic Acid and Protein Structure Flashcards
1
Q
DNA storing information
A
- the entire DNA sequence is necessary for production of functional proteins and RNA
- this information is carried by the sequences of bases
- carries coding and regulatory signals
2
Q
gene
A
- entire DNA sequence necessary for production of functional protein or RNA
3
Q
double helix
A
- DNA strands are negative (polarity)
- complementary
- antiparallel
4
Q
DNA replicates faithfully
A
- two strands of the DNA will separate into templates to go and create two new daughter strong by the complementary base pairing
- considered to be semiconservative replication
- Meselson and Stahl
5
Q
semiconservative
A
- two strands of parental DNA separate and each serves as a template for synthesis of a new daughter strand by complementary base pairing
- since one strand has the originally info and then pairs with a new one, this makes sure that the info is preserved
6
Q
colinearity
A
- nucleotide sequences in genes dictate amino acid sequences in proteins
7
Q
covalent
A
- aotms sharing electrons with each other to make a more stable connection
- can be polar (presence of oxygen) or nonpolar
- polar bonds have partial charges that allow them to make the hydrogen bond
- does not change in water
- STRONGEST
8
Q
noncovalent - ionic
A
- molecules with oppositely charged ions (difference in electronegativity)
- completely transfering electrons
- weak in water
9
Q
noncovalent - hydrogen bonds
A
- H atoms with covalently bond to a very electronegative atom that has a partial positive charge
- can form weka bonds with positive H and electronegative atom
- weak in water
10
Q
noncovalent - Van der Waals Interactions
A
- London dispersion forces
- creating temporary dipoles
- one molecule with help the electrons of the second moelculr arrange itself so the dipoles attract to the other one
- if the distance becomes too close, they can repulse
11
Q
noncovalent - hydrophobic
A
- non-polar groups will be hidden from water and will have Van der Waal interactions
12
Q
purines
A
- 2 blockes
- Adenine and Guanine
- has a u in the word but its the opposite so you know that i contains A
13
Q
pyrimidines
A
- 1 block
- cytosine, thymine and uracil
14
Q
ribose sugars
A
- deoxyribonucleotide, contains no oxygen and is for DNA
- ribonucleotides, containing oxygen and for RNA
15
Q
DNA strucure
A
- right-handed helix
- negatively charged backbones of the phosphate groups with the bases facing inside
- bases are 0.34nm apart form each other
- hydrogen bonds are what keep the chains together
- anti-parellel chains
- major and minor groover
- A and T has 2 H bonds and G and C and 3
- one complete turn in the structure every nucleotides or 3.4nm in length
- diameter in 2nm
16
Q
left-handed helix
A
- can be seen from this angle but it is usually unreadable
17
Q
denaturation
A
- DNA strands will separate into their two daughter strands
0 if they find another strand that is matching with their base pairs, it can create a new line of DNA - if they are not complementary, the strands will not hybridize
- can happen by cool
18
Q
renaturation
A
- the process of two strand hybridzing together to create a new strand of DNA
- can happen by cooling
19
Q
renaturation
A
- recombination of two complementary strands of DNA
- DNA concentration, salt concentration, temperature, time, size and complexity
20
Q
Cot analysis
A
- concentration of how many double-stranded DNA are at that time multiplied by the time that you measured the DNA at
- measuring units of competxity, how many repeats you have in the sequnces
21
Q
biological compelxity
A
- size of the functional and non-repetitive sections of a genome
- duplicated, inserted sequences are not included in these
22
Q
circular DNA
A
- composed of two strands of DNA that form an encoded structure without free ends = double circle
- ex. plasmids
23
Q
topological isomers
A
- DNA differing only in their states of supercoiling
- important for the packing of DNA
- can become linearized during replication and transcription
24
Q
supercoiling
A
- reduces stress on DNA by twisting and untwisting the double helix
- if one end is open, just untwist it
- it both ends are fixed, then we look at the long linear DNA molecules
25
twisting
- the crossing of one strand of dsDNA over the other. It measures how tightly wound the helix is
25
writhing
- number of superhelical turns, refering to the twisting of dsDNA aixs in space
- how many times the duplex DNA crosses over itself
26
linking
- the total number of times one strand of a closed moelcaulre of dsDNA encircles the other strand
-relfects both the twisting and supercoiling
27
RNA types
- mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, small RNA, ribozymes
28
structure of RNA
- primary is similar to DNA
- secondary is when they form base-pair segments (ex. hairpins)
- tertiary is when the base-pair segments interact with one another to form complex structures. can form things such as pseudoknots and motifs
29
properties of R group
- shape folding
- protien charge
- enzymatic properties
- modification sites
- hydrogran bonding
- hydrophillic vs. phobic
30
grouping of amino acids
- polar
- nonpolar
- basic
- acidic
31
proteolytic cleavage
- removal of the first methionine
32
co-translational
- class of protiens taht contain a signal sequnce for transport
33
enzymes inovled in phosphoryltion
- kinases: transfer P group from ATP to protein
- phosphylases: transfer P from inorganic P
- phosphatases: remove P
34
phosphorylation
- adding or remove a phosphate group
35
sulfation
- necessary for biological actity and it is added permanently
- not used as a regulatory modification
36
acylation
- adding acetly group to n-terminus amino acid
37
glycosilation
- adding sugars to the proteins
- major mechanism for cell surface identification
38
methlyation
- occuring as lysine residuces
- adding methly group
39
prenylation
- addition of membrane anchoring compounds
40
modifiable
- modificaiton of nitrogenous based in DNA/RNA and amino acid R groups
41
transient
- wide variety of time length, depending on many intrinsic and extrinsic factors
