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Biochemistry > Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

Imagine genome as a book with 23 chapters called

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

Each chapter contain several thousand of stories called

A

genes

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3
Q

What is known as the information storage molecule

A

DNA

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4
Q

what serves as information conveyance

A

RNA

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5
Q

Describe the basic unit anatomy of nucleic acid

A

phosphate, sugar, base

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6
Q

What is the basic unit of a nucleic acid called

A

nucleotide

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7
Q

what is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside

A

a nucleoside has no phosphate group

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8
Q

what determines if the nucleic acid is a DNA or RNA

A

sugar

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9
Q

what is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide

A

the 2’OH on a RNA

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10
Q

Is sugar structure flat

A

no, they are dynamic, rotate and flexible

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11
Q

What are the nitrogeneous base

A

purine and pyrimidine

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12
Q

Where is the point of attachment on pyrimidine

A

1N

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13
Q

Where is the point of attachment of purine

A

9N

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14
Q

Where is the point of attachment on sugar for nitrogenous bases

A

1C

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15
Q

What are the bases in purine

A

Adenine, Guanine (PAG)

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16
Q

What are the bases of pyrimidine

A

Cytosine, Thymine , Uracil (PyCUT)

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17
Q

What is the difference between cytosine and uracil

A

subtaneous deamination

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18
Q

What bond joins sugar and nitrogenous base

A

N-beta glycosidic bond

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19
Q

Where is the attachment of the phosphate group for nucleic acids on sugar

A

5’ carbon

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20
Q

Nucleotides can exist as — phosphates

A

mono, di, tri

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21
Q

What is the most stable conformation of phosphates

A

adenosine 5’-monophosphate

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22
Q

at Ph 7, the phosphate groups are

A

ionized moderately strong acid

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23
Q

What s common about DNA minor bases

A

they are methylated

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24
Q

Effect of methylation of gene

A

leads to repression of the genes

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25
Q

What are some examples of tRNA minor bases

A

Inosine, Pseudouridine, 7-methylguanosine, 4-Thiouridine

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26
Q

What are some examples of DNA minor bases

A

5-methylcytidine, N6-Methyladenosine, N2-methylguanosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine

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27
Q

What are other roles of nucelotides

A

chemical energy (ATP)
enzyme co-factors (NAD+, FAD)
Signalling (cyclic AMP)

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28
Q

What links nucleotides to nucleic acid

A

phosphodiester bond

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29
Q

What does the 5’ end of any DNA molecule have

A

free phosphate

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30
Q

What is the directionality of polymer

A

5’ to 3’ end

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31
Q

what does the 3’ end of any DNA molecule have

A

free 3’ OH

32
Q

Which is more stable DNA/RNA

A

DNA

33
Q

Why is RNA less stable than DNA

A

because RNA is susceptible to hydrolysis which shortens the RNA

34
Q

Are purines and pyrimidine weak/strong bases

A

weak bases

35
Q

Nucleotides absorb light at

A

260 nm

36
Q

Proteins absorb light at

A

280 nm

37
Q

purines/ pyrimidine are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

38
Q

Aromatic=decolalized electrons=

A

planar/rigid= tautomers= absorb light

39
Q

Can base form tautomers

A

yes, depending on pH

40
Q

What is the pH of the body

A

about 7.4 slightly basic

41
Q

Who discovered hybridization of atomic orbitals (to explain benzene), electronegativity

A

Linus Pauling

42
Q

What is the most common form of DNA in most species

A

DNA form B

43
Q

What are the groove of DNA form B

A

major and minor groove

44
Q

What is the most important factor in stability of the double helix

A

base stacking

45
Q

who came up wiith the rule A + G= C+T

A

chargaff rule (double stranded)

46
Q

How many hydrogen bond is between Adenine and Thymine

A

2 hydrogen -bond

47
Q

How many hydrogen bond is between Guanine and Cytosine

A

3 hydrogen bond

48
Q

When is Chargaff rule not true for nucleic acid

A

RNA

49
Q

Strands run parallel/ anti=-parallel

A

anti-parallel

50
Q

When strands are seperate, and serves as templates for synthesis of new strand; this explains

A

semi-conservative replication

51
Q

What rotation is DNA bases usually in

A

anti

52
Q

What is the best rotation around NN-glycosidic bond

A

anti because of steric hindrance

53
Q

Describe B-form

A

-Watson and Crick DNA structure
right handed helix
most stable under physiological conditions

54
Q

Describe A form

A

found in relative absence fo H2O
right handed helix
wider and more compact,

55
Q

Describe Z form

A

left handed delix
more extended
formed by particular base sequences
potential regulatory role

56
Q

What is the helical sense diameter of A form

A

26 A

57
Q

what is the helical sense diameter of B form

A

20 A

58
Q

what is the helical sense diameter of C form

A

18 A

59
Q

What is the base pair per helical turn for A, B & C form

A

11,10.5, 12

60
Q

What is the helix rise per base pair for form A, B & C

A

2.6, 3.4, 3.7

61
Q

Example of base pairing not involving two strands

A

hair pins, inverted repeats

62
Q

What symbolizes non canonical Hoogsten pairs

A

DOT .

63
Q

What does non canonical Hoogsten pair result in

A

triple helix (most stable at lower pH

64
Q

Waht does DNA do with non Hoogsten pair

A

always revert back, non stable

65
Q

When RNA starts out after being transcribed, is it in a single stranded or double stranded

A

single stranded (right-handed coil)

66
Q

What form does RNA take after it becomes double stranded

A

form A

67
Q

these structure like bulges, internal loop, hair pins are elements of –

A

RNA

68
Q

What is the most common non-Hoogsteen pairing

A

GUanine and Uracil

69
Q

The higher the Gc content, the –

A

higher the melting temperature

70
Q

Which can absorb more light single stranded or double stranded

A

single stranded

71
Q

Why does single stranded absorb more light

A

more light because it has more decolarized electrons

72
Q

The melting and annealing of DNA is a static/ dynamic reaction

A

dynamic reaction, between heating an cooling

73
Q

When the purine molecules is removed, results in

A

depurination

74
Q

what does UV- induced crosslinking leads to

A

double strand break

75
Q

If there is no OH group on the 3’ what happens

A

the reaction stops because it cannot add anything (ddNTP analog)

76
Q

Which sequencing uses DNA polymerase to replicate new DNA from a single-stranded template

A

Dideoxynucleotide DNA sequencing (dideoxy sequencing)

Biochemistry (16 decks)

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