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Biochemistry > Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

Imagine genome as a book with 23 chapters called

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

Each chapter contain several thousand of stories called

A

genes

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3
Q

What is known as the information storage molecule

A

DNA

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4
Q

what serves as information conveyance

A

RNA

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5
Q

Describe the basic unit anatomy of nucleic acid

A

phosphate, sugar, base

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6
Q

What is the basic unit of a nucleic acid called

A

nucleotide

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7
Q

what is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside

A

a nucleoside has no phosphate group

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8
Q

what determines if the nucleic acid is a DNA or RNA

A

sugar

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9
Q

what is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide

A

the 2’OH on a RNA

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10
Q

Is sugar structure flat

A

no, they are dynamic, rotate and flexible

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11
Q

What are the nitrogeneous base

A

purine and pyrimidine

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12
Q

Where is the point of attachment on pyrimidine

A

1N

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13
Q

Where is the point of attachment of purine

A

9N

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14
Q

Where is the point of attachment on sugar for nitrogenous bases

A

1C

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15
Q

What are the bases in purine

A

Adenine, Guanine (PAG)

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16
Q

What are the bases of pyrimidine

A

Cytosine, Thymine , Uracil (PyCUT)

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17
Q

What is the difference between cytosine and uracil

A

subtaneous deamination

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18
Q

What bond joins sugar and nitrogenous base

A

N-beta glycosidic bond

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19
Q

Where is the attachment of the phosphate group for nucleic acids on sugar

A

5’ carbon

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20
Q

Nucleotides can exist as — phosphates

A

mono, di, tri

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21
Q

What is the most stable conformation of phosphates

A

adenosine 5’-monophosphate

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22
Q

at Ph 7, the phosphate groups are

A

ionized moderately strong acid

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23
Q

What s common about DNA minor bases

A

they are methylated

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24
Q

Effect of methylation of gene

A

leads to repression of the genes

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25
What are some examples of tRNA minor bases
Inosine, Pseudouridine, 7-methylguanosine, 4-Thiouridine
26
What are some examples of DNA minor bases
5-methylcytidine, N6-Methyladenosine, N2-methylguanosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytidine
27
What are other roles of nucelotides
chemical energy (ATP) enzyme co-factors (NAD+, FAD) Signalling (cyclic AMP)
28
What links nucleotides to nucleic acid
phosphodiester bond
29
What does the 5' end of any DNA molecule have
free phosphate
30
What is the directionality of polymer
5' to 3' end
31
what does the 3' end of any DNA molecule have
free 3' OH
32
Which is more stable DNA/RNA
DNA
33
Why is RNA less stable than DNA
because RNA is susceptible to hydrolysis which shortens the RNA
34
Are purines and pyrimidine weak/strong bases
weak bases
35
Nucleotides absorb light at
260 nm
36
Proteins absorb light at
280 nm
37
purines/ pyrimidine are hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
38
Aromatic=decolalized electrons=
planar/rigid= tautomers= absorb light
39
Can base form tautomers
yes, depending on pH
40
What is the pH of the body
about 7.4 slightly basic
41
Who discovered hybridization of atomic orbitals (to explain benzene), electronegativity
Linus Pauling
42
What is the most common form of DNA in most species
DNA form B
43
What are the groove of DNA form B
major and minor groove
44
What is the most important factor in stability of the double helix
base stacking
45
who came up wiith the rule A + G= C+T
chargaff rule (double stranded)
46
How many hydrogen bond is between Adenine and Thymine
2 hydrogen -bond
47
How many hydrogen bond is between Guanine and Cytosine
3 hydrogen bond
48
When is Chargaff rule not true for nucleic acid
RNA
49
Strands run parallel/ anti=-parallel
anti-parallel
50
When strands are seperate, and serves as templates for synthesis of new strand; this explains
semi-conservative replication
51
What rotation is DNA bases usually in
anti
52
What is the best rotation around NN-glycosidic bond
anti because of steric hindrance
53
Describe B-form
-Watson and Crick DNA structure right handed helix most stable under physiological conditions
54
Describe A form
found in relative absence fo H2O right handed helix wider and more compact,
55
Describe Z form
left handed delix more extended formed by particular base sequences potential regulatory role
56
What is the helical sense diameter of A form
26 A
57
what is the helical sense diameter of B form
20 A
58
what is the helical sense diameter of C form
18 A
59
What is the base pair per helical turn for A, B & C form
11,10.5, 12
60
What is the helix rise per base pair for form A, B & C
2.6, 3.4, 3.7
61
Example of base pairing not involving two strands
hair pins, inverted repeats
62
What symbolizes non canonical Hoogsten pairs
DOT .
63
What does non canonical Hoogsten pair result in
triple helix (most stable at lower pH
64
Waht does DNA do with non Hoogsten pair
always revert back, non stable
65
When RNA starts out after being transcribed, is it in a single stranded or double stranded
single stranded (right-handed coil)
66
What form does RNA take after it becomes double stranded
form A
67
these structure like bulges, internal loop, hair pins are elements of --
RNA
68
What is the most common non-Hoogsteen pairing
GUanine and Uracil
69
The higher the Gc content, the --
higher the melting temperature
70
Which can absorb more light single stranded or double stranded
single stranded
71
Why does single stranded absorb more light
more light because it has more decolarized electrons
72
The melting and annealing of DNA is a static/ dynamic reaction
dynamic reaction, between heating an cooling
73
When the purine molecules is removed, results in
depurination
74
what does UV- induced crosslinking leads to
double strand break
75
If there is no OH group on the 3' what happens
the reaction stops because it cannot add anything (ddNTP analog)
76
Which sequencing uses DNA polymerase to replicate new DNA from a single-stranded template
Dideoxynucleotide DNA sequencing (dideoxy sequencing)

Biochemistry (16 decks)

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