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Physics term 2 > nuclear physics > Flashcards

nuclear physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Mass of proton

A

a proton has a mass almost 2000 times that of the electron

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2
Q

types of quarks

A

up, down , top, bottom, charm, strange

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3
Q

how to identify anti quarks

A

they’re is a horizonal on top of the quark symbol

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4
Q

Elementary particle

A

a particle whose substructure is unknown.

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5
Q

Water molecules are they elementary particles

A

NO

Water molecules we know are made up of h20.

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6
Q

helium atoms, are they elementary particles?

A

NO

We know that are made up of protons and electrons

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7
Q

What about a hydrogen ion?

A

NO 1 proton (uud) and 1 neutrons (udd) which are made up of quarks

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8
Q

HADRONS

A

Each quark is an elementary particle and form composite particles known as HADRONS. A HADRONS is a term for any nuclear particle (e.g. Neutrons and Protons).

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9
Q

When a composite particle of 3 quarks is formed it is called a what

A

BARYON

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10
Q

Definition of composite particle

A

refer to particles that have composition – that is particles which are made of other particles. For example, a carbon-14 atom is made of six protons, eight neutrons, and six electrons.

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11
Q

Anti-particles

A

a particle with the same mass and opposite charge and/or spin to a corresponding particle, for example positron and electrons

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12
Q

what is a composite particle consisting of one quark and one antiquark

A

MESON

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13
Q

elementary particles governed by the weak nuclear force and if charged also electromagnetism.

A

Leptons

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14
Q

Electron, tau, muon have what charge

A

negative charge

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15
Q

Positrons, antitau, antimuon have what charge

A

a positive charge.

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16
Q

why is a proton not an elementary particle but an electron is?

A

The proton, for example, is not an elementary particle, because it is made up of three quarks, whereas the electron is an elementary particle, because it seems to have no internal structure.

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17
Q

what are the four forces

A
  • Electromagnetism
    • Strong nuclear force
    • Weak nuclear force
    • Gravity
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18
Q

what force are quarks governed by

A

strong nuclear force

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19
Q

what force are leptons govern by

A

respond only to the electromagnetic force, weak force, and gravitational force

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20
Q

how do you find a lepton number

A

by adding all of the leptons and subtracting all anti-leptons

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21
Q

particle with what are influenced by electromagnetism

A

charge

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22
Q

electrons repel electrons - this is a particle interaction between 2 what

A

leptons

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23
Q

Pair production

A

gamma radiation spontaneously produces matter and antimatter particles

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24
Q

annihilation

A

reaction in which a particle and its antiparticle collide and disappear, releasing energy.

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25
Q

postulates of special relativity

A

the laws of physics are same in all inertial frames of reference. the speed of light is constant for all observers in an inertial frame of reference

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26
Q

describe general relativity in terms of what it says about space-time and objects of large mass

A

space and time are considered to be a 4 dimensional fabric that is warped by objects of large mass

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27
Q

describe General Relativity in terms of what it says about being in a planets gravitational field and accelerating frames of reference

A

experience is identical

28
Q
  • with special relativity, where does time get stretched out? For the observer who is moving at close to light speed or the observer who is watching an object move at close to light speed?
A

the observer who is watching an object move at close to light speed

29
Q

Arrange in order of increasing distance: megaparsec, light year, astronomical unit, parsec

A

astronomical unit, light year, parsec, mega parsec

30
Q

The Cosmic Background Radiation is evidence of what

A

the big bang

31
Q

Light travels at what

A

3 x 108 ms-1

32
Q

Speed =

A

distance / time

33
Q

definition of astronomical unit

A

For general reference, we can say that one astronomical unit (AU) represents the mean distance between the Earth and our sun.

34
Q

Light year

A

are a measurement of the distance light can travel in a year.

35
Q

parsec

A

1 parsec is the distance to a star that would give a parallax angle from opposite sides to our orbit around the sun

36
Q

1 parsec = how many light years

A

3.26 light years

37
Q

A megaparsec is what

A

A megaparsec is one million parsecs, or about 3,260,000 light years.

38
Q

the balloon experiment shows us what about the universe

A

how it is always expanding

39
Q

the static on a TV shows what

A

Cosmic Background Radiation

40
Q

The Plank Epoch encompasses the time period from

A

0 to 10-43 seconds.

41
Q

The separation of the strong nuclear force led to what

A

particle reactions that formed W, Z and Higgs boson particles.

42
Q

the separation of the weak nuclear force led to what

A

the electromagnetic force finally occurs

43
Q

Quark Epoch is where we begin to see the rapid formation of quarks and anti-quarks do what

A

these particles collide and annihilate one another on impact

44
Q

How did elements like carbon and oxygen form in the early stelliferous period?

A

the nuclear fusion of hydrogen and helium into bigger elements

45
Q

what two atoms came into existence first

A

Hydrogen and helium

46
Q

Describe how the first stars actually formed

A

gravity slowly shepherded the densest regions of hydrogen gas into compact clouds, which ultimately collapsed to form the first stars.

47
Q

What process (2 words) begins when a huge dense mass of hydrogen and helium gas is under so much gravitational pressure and extreme temperatures due to that pressure.

A

nuclear fusion

48
Q
  1. How were the first stars different to current stars?

a. Composition?

A

they from hydrogen and helium

49
Q
  1. How were the first stars different to current stars?

b. Size?

A

they were larger and hotter up to 30-100 times the mass of the sun

50
Q
  1. How were the first stars different to current stars?

Life Span?

A

life span was very short

51
Q
  1. How were the first stars different to current stars?

Temperature?

A

50 times hotter than the sun

52
Q
  1. How were the first stars different to current stars?

Type of light they gave off?

A

ultra violet

53
Q
  1. What change did the first stars do to most of the matter known as the intergalactic medium?(Reionisation)
A

turns atoms into irons

54
Q

How did elements like carbon and oxygen form in the early stelliferous period

A

nuclear fusion of hydrogen and helium into bigger elements

55
Q

definition of nuclear fusion

A

the process by which two light atomic nuclei combine to form a single heavier one while releasing massive amounts of energy.

56
Q

era of nucleosynthesis

A

were the first nucleus were formed

57
Q

Brown dwarf

A

astronomical object that is intermediate between a planet and a star. aka failed star

58
Q

mass of brown dawrf

A

Brown dwarfs usually have a mass less than 0.075

59
Q

Brown dwarfs

A

are failed stars about the size of Jupiter, with a much larger mass but not quite large enough to become stars.

60
Q

Red dwarf

A

a star having substantially lower surface temperature, intrinsic luminosity, mass, and size than the sun.

61
Q

Black Dwarfs

A

• Black Dwarfs are, in theory, a white dwarf that has cooled to the extent that it emits no light or heat.

62
Q

Supernova

A

supernova is the explosion of a star. It is the largest explosion that takes place in space.

63
Q

Neutron stars

A

Neutron stars are formed when a massive star runs out of fuel and collapses. The very central region of the star – the core – collapses, crushing together every proton and electron into a neutron.

64
Q

black holes

A

When a star runs out of nuclear fuel, it will collapse. If the core, or central region, of the star has a mass that is greater than three Suns, (after the Supernova) no known nuclear forces can prevent the core from forming a deep gravitational warp in space called a black hole.

65
Q

Population III stars

A

First stars

Physics term 2 (2 decks)

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