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Physics term 2 > Medical physics > Flashcards

Medical physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes atoms to be radioactive?

A

he nucleus has an excess of internal energy. Instability of an atom’s nucleus may result from an excess of either neutrons or protons.

A radioactive atom will attempt to reach stability by ejecting nucleons (neutrons or protons) as well as other particles, or by releasing energy in other forms

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2
Q

Elements with Z>82 have too many what and will emit what to become stable

A

Any element with Z >82 has too many protons for the SNF (strong nuclear force) to keep it stable. It will emit alpha radiation to become stable

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3
Q

Any alpha or beta decay of ten leaves a nuclide in a metastable position “M”. When this happens further decay may occur by releasing what

A

Any alpha or beta decay of ten leaves a nuclide in a metastable position “M”. When this happens further decay may occur by releasing the excess energy as a gamma particle

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4
Q

Nuclide

A

The nucleus that protons and neutrons -which are called nucleons- make up is called nuclide.

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5
Q

Isotope

A

is an atom that contains the same number of protons but different number of neutrons that another atom with the same number of protons

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6
Q

Z

A

Number of protons

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7
Q

N

A

The number of neutrons

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8
Q

X

A

the chemical symbol for the element

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9
Q

A

A

the sum number of proton and neutrons

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10
Q

Radioactivity

A

Radioactivity is the property of some unstable atoms (radionuclides) to spontaneously emit nuclear radiation usually alpha or beta particles accompanied by gamma-rays

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11
Q

Fundamental law of physics

A

states that charged particles have a force acts on them that causes them to move if the force is not balanced. This is known as the coulomb force or electrostatic force. The force is repulsive for two particles of the same charge, and attractive for two particles of opposite charge.

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12
Q

3 Important aspects of SNF are

A
  • One of the four fundamental forces / other are electromagnetic or coulomb force, gravity and the WNF
    • It is mostly an attractive force
    • It acts in the nucleus
      It acts a very short distances of up to 1 fm (10-15m) on adjacent nucleons
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13
Q

The more protons there are in a nucleus the larger what which must also act on neutrons to keep the nucleus from flying part

A

SNF

strong nuclear force

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14
Q

types of decay

A

alpha, beta gamma

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15
Q

Alpha decay

A

Alpha decay occurs when a heavy, radioactive nucleus becomes more stable by emitting an alpha particle.

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16
Q

alpha decay emits what particles

A

two protons and two neutrons

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17
Q

what are the two types of beta decay

A

beta positive and beta negative

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18
Q

what force is responsible for both types of decay

A

weak nuclear force

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19
Q

beta negative decay releases what particles

A

electron, antineutrino

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20
Q

beta positive releases what particles

A

positron, and a neutrino;

21
Q

neutrino

A

A neutrino is a tiny neutral and almost massless particle that always seen in association with a proton

22
Q

antineutrino

A

An antineutrino has the almost the same properties as a neutrino but is always seen in association with a electron

23
Q

gamma decay

A

Rather than the nucleus undergoing a change in number of nucleons, gamma decay reduce the amount of energy an unstable nucleus has by emitting a gamma ray.

24
Q

what does gamma decay release

A

gamma ray

25
Q

Half life

A

Time taken for half of the original amount to decay.

26
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between two identical sections on adjacent waves

27
Q

Amplitude

A

distance equal to how high the crest compared to the crest (intensity)

28
Q

the number of waves that pass a point per second

A

Frequency

29
Q

the time taken for a wave to pass a point

A

period

30
Q

energy is proportional to what

A

Frequency

31
Q

what are cyclotrons used to produce

A

cyclotrons are used to produce radioactive isotopes for medical diagnosis.

32
Q

Rank the following in order of increasing wavelengths: radio waves, x-rays, visible light

A

x-ray, visible light, radio waves

33
Q

nuclear reactor purpose

A

The main job of a reactor is to house and control nuclear fission—a process where atoms split and release energy

34
Q

what are cyclotrons

A

A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator

35
Q

Scintigraphy

A

A procedure that produces pictures (scans) of structures inside the body, including areas where there are cancer cells. Uses gamma radiation to form images

36
Q

what appears dark gray on the film in a x-ray

A

The soft tissues in the body (such as blood, skin, fat, and muscle)

37
Q

what appears white on a x-ray

A

A bone or a tumor, which is more dense than soft tissue,

38
Q

what is advantage and disadvantage of x-rays

A

quick, versatile and cheaper but details are often vague and can only see side views of what in the body

39
Q

benefits of a CT scan

A

Unlike conventional x-rays, CT scanning provides very detailed images of many types of tissue as well as the lungs, bones, and blood vessels.

Unlike MRI, an implanted medical device of any kind will not prevent you from having a CT scan.

40
Q

disadvantages of CT scan

A

During a CT scan, you’re briefly exposed to ionizing radiation. The amount of radiation is greater than you would get during a plain X-ray

41
Q

what appears white in a CT scan

A

blood vessels, intestine or other structures

42
Q

MRI

A

takes pictures of places in your body that contain water, proton density

43
Q

advantages to MRI

A

provides better soft tissue contrast than CT and can differentiate better between fat, water, muscle, and other soft tissue than CT

44
Q

DISADVANTAGES to MRI

A

People with implants, particularly those containing iron, cant get one
and noise

45
Q

what cells show up as bright spots on PET scans because they have a higher metabolic rate than do normal cells.

A

cancer

46
Q

what does a PET scan do

A

imaging technique that quantifies brain function by measuring glucose levels,

47
Q

what does a ultrasound show

A

As a diagnostic tool, ultrasound can show the density differences in tissue.

48
Q

disadvantages to US

A
  • Increased depth means a lower frequency is required for optimal imaging. Resolution is weaker at greater depth
    • Bone blocks US waves, can’t see through air
49
Q

Advantages to US

A

• Patients aren’t exposed to ionizing radiation

Ultrasound captures images of soft tissues that don’t show up well on X-rays

Physics term 2 (2 decks)

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