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Honors Chemistry > Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Radioactivity

A

Emission of subatomic particles or high energy electromagnetic radiation by nuclei – such atoms/isotopes said to be radioactive

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2
Q

Nuclear chemistry discovered by??

A

Becquerel –called strange, new emissions uranic Rays (emitted from uranium)

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3
Q

Marie curie

A

Discovered Po & Ra – emitted uranic Rays

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4
Q

Types of radioactivity

A
  • Alpha
  • beta
  • electron capture
  • gamma Ray emission
  • positron emission
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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Comprised of two nucleons

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6
Q

Nucleons

A

Protons & neutrons

Anything inside the nucleus

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7
Q

Isotopes

A

An atom with the same number of protons but with a diff number of neutrons I.e. Uranium -234

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8
Q

Radioisotopes

A

An isotope of any element that is unstable & therefore radioactive– this instability comes from an unstable proton to neutron ratio

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9
Q

Transmutation

A

Changing the nucleus of one element into the nuclei of a different element

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10
Q

Transmutation facts

A
  • all elements above atomic number 83 are radioactive
  • to determine how a radioactive isotope normally decay
  • when writing a transmutation (nuclear) equation, it is necessary to balance the mass number & atomic number
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11
Q

Natural transmutation

A

Processes always have JUST ONE REACTANT (with the exception of electron capture)

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12
Q

Alpha particle (a)

A

2protons and 2 neutrons
Same composition as He nucleus (4/2 He)
Charge of an alpha particle is 2+ due to the prescience of the 2 protons

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13
Q

*never look at mass on periodic table *

A

.

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14
Q

Beta particle (b)

A

Very fast moving electron that has been emitted from a neutron of an unstable nucleus - this occurs when a neutron falls apart into a proton and an electron (0/-1 B) - the -1 subscript denotes the negative charge of the particle

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15
Q

Positron emission

A

Radioactive decay process that involves the emission of a positron from a nucleus– this occurs when a proton is converted to a neutron and a positron

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16
Q

Electron capture

A

Other common radioactive decay process that decreased the number of protons – occurs when a proton combines with a proton to form a neutron

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17
Q

Gamma rays

A

High energy photons electromagnetic radiation (0/0 y) both subscript & superscript are 0 –> thus the emission of gamma rays do not change the atomic number or mass number

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18
Q

2 0/0 y

What is the 2?

A

The 2 in front of the y symbol indicates that two gamma Rays of different frequencies are emitted

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19
Q

Relative penetration of radiation

A

A particles - blocked by paper & skin
B particles - blocked by wood, metal, & a little bit of skin (~1 cm)
Y Rays - blocked by lead but not by human skin

20
Q

Radioactive series

A

Large radioactive nuclei cannot stabilize by undergoing only one nuclear transformation– they undergo a series of decays in the form a stable nuclide

21
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Radiation with enough energy so that with a interaction with an atom can remove the electron(s) from the orbit causing the atom to become charged

22
Q

Neutron- protons ratio

A

Any element with more than 1 proton will have repulsion bet. protons I the nucleus – a strong nuclear force helps keep the nucleus from flying apart – for a smaller nuclei (z

23
Q

Z

A

Atomic number

24
Q

Belt of stability

A

Shaded region shows what nuclide would be stable

25
Q

Nuclei above the belt

A

Have too many neutrons – emit beta particles

26
Q

Nuclei below the belt

A

Have too many protons –positron emission or electron capture

27
Q

Stable nuclei

A

There are no stable nuclei with an atomic number above 83 – tend to decay by alpha emission

28
Q

Natural transmission #2

A

Only 1 reactant

Occurs when radioactive elements spontaneously decay over time & transform into other more stable elements

29
Q

Artificial transmutation

A

2+ reactants
Occurs when scientist intentionally bombard the nucleus with high energy particles
Used to generate energy in atomic bombs & power plants

30
Q

Nuclear transformations

A

Can be induced by accelerating a particle & colliding it with the nuclide –these particles accelerators are enormous , having circular tracks with radii that are miles long

31
Q

Nuclear fission

A

Splitting nucleus ink fragments

  • releases large amounts of energy
  • chain reaction
32
Q

Critical mass

A

Starting amount of mass to sustain the nuclear fission

33
Q

Mass to energy

A

E=mc^2

Explains relationship bet energy formation and matter loss

34
Q

Mass defect

A

Amount by which the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the mass of its particles (mass products

35
Q

Nuclear binding energy

A

Energy corresponding to mass defect – amount of energy required to break apart nucleus into nucleons

36
Q

Defense in depth

A

48” concrete containment building
35” concrete shield
8” steel reactor vessel
Solid nuclear fuel inside steel tubes

37
Q

Meltdown

A

Melting of a significant proton of a nuclear reactor core due to inadequate cooling of the fuel elements — a condition that could lead to the escape of radiation

38
Q

Half life

A

The amount of time it takes for half of the substance to decay

39
Q

Used fuel

A

Once the reaction occurs, the uranium is stored in cold pools

40
Q

Dry cask

A

A concrete containment for permanent storing underground - similar to a mine

41
Q

Pros of nuclear power

A

High amounts of energy
1 million X as much energy in 1 lb of uranium as on 1lb of coal
Emission free
Prevents large amounts of greenhouse gasses

42
Q

Cons of nuclear power

A 
Meltdown (Chernobyl) 
Increased risk of cancer 
Birth defects 
Reduced immunity 
Genetic damage / mutations 
Effects wildlife 
Decreasing biodiversity
43
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

The combining of atomic nuclei - occurs on the sun where hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium atoms

44
Q

Thermonuclear reactions

A

Fusions rations can release very large amounts of energy, but can require extremely high temp. & pressures

45
Q

Nuclear chemistry

A

The study of the structure of atomic nuclei and the changes they undergo

Honors Chemistry (3 decks)

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