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Chemistry > Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

French scientist who discovered radiation using Uranium salt in 1896

A

Henri Becquerel

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2
Q

When fluorescent U salt is exposed to light it will give off

A

x-rays

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3
Q

In the absence of light U, salt gave off an “invisible something” called

A

radiation

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4
Q

1898 - discovered new radioactive elements (Polonium) while student the mineral pitchblende

A

Marie Curie and Pierre Curie

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5
Q

Curies discovered another radioactive element after Polonium called ______, which means shining element.

A

Radium

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6
Q

Po and Ra are both more _______ than Uranium

A

radioactive

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7
Q

________ is the release of energy and matter that results from changes in the nucleus of an atom.

A

radioactivity

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8
Q

_____________ is the energy associated with the strong force that holds the protons and neutrons together.

A

binding energy

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9
Q

radioactivity

A

The release of energy and matter that results from changes in the nucleus of an atom.

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10
Q

Binding Energy

A

The energy associated with the strong force that holds the protons and neutrons together.

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11
Q

Z (nuclear notation)

A

number of protons, atomic number

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12
Q

N (nuclear notation)

A

number of neutrons

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13
Q

A (nuclear notation)

A

mass number

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14
Q

Calculated mass is always ___ than the actual mass of an atom

A

greater

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15
Q

_______ is the mass equivalent of the energy associated with the strong force to keep the nucleus together.

A

Mass defect

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16
Q

Nuclear binding energy is calculated using

A

Einstein’s famous equation, E = mc^2

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17
Q

The higher the BE/nucleon the more stable the ________ is

A

nucleus

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18
Q

The higher the ___________ the more stable the nucleus is

A

BE/nucleon

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19
Q

Steps to calculate BE/nucleon

A
  1. Number of protons, neutrons, electrons.
  2. Calculate total mass of all particles.
  3. Subtract actual mass ( this gives mass defect)
  4. Convert mass defect to Kg
  5. Convert mass defect to energy
    (E = mc^2 to get binding energy)
  6. Divide by mass number (This gives BE/nucleon)
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20
Q

Atoms with unstable nuclei are _______

A

radioactive

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21
Q

Unstable nuclei are caused by an imbalance in the number of

A

protons and neutrons.

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22
Q

Elements with atomic numbers greater than 83 are

A

radioactive

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23
Q

Many elements with atomic numbers smaller than 84 have at least one

A

radioactive isotope

24
Q

The most important reason that some nuclei are stable and others are not is

A

the competition between the attractive nuclear force and the repulsive electrical force

25
Q

An unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation during a process called

A

radioactive decay

26
Q

What are the three basic types of radiation?

A

alpha particles
beta particles
gamma rays

27
Q

Positively charged
helium nucleus with a mass of 4 and atomic # of 2
no penetrating power (barely go through paper)
low speed
When an atom loses an alpha particle the atomic number of the product atom is lower by 2 and its mass # is lower by 4

A

Alpha particles

28
Q

Negatively Charged
An electron
100 times more penetrating than alpha particles
travel at speeds close to the speed of light
beta delay occurs when fast moving electrons formed by decomposition of a neutron in the nucleus of an atom are shot out of the nucleus

A

Beta Particles

29
Q

No charge
high energy electromagnetic radiation
often produced along with alpha or beta particles
does not alter the atomic number or mass number of an atom
most penetrating of all radiation types (penetrates up to 7 cm of lead)

A

gamma rays

30
Q

each atom of an element in a nuclear reaction is represented by

A

the chemical symbol

31
Q

what two small numbers are written in nuclear reactions?

A

upper left = mass #

lower left = atomic #

32
Q

a particle with the mass of an electron but a positive charge. It may be emitted as a proton is converted to a neutron.

A

positron

33
Q

An electron is captured by a proton which produces a neutron. The atom has loses one in its atomic number but loses no mass

A

Electron Capture

34
Q

Characteristic rate of decay of every radioisotope (radioactive isotope)

A

Half-Life

35
Q

The time required for half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation and to decay to products

A

half-life

36
Q

After one half life, half of the original radioactive atoms have decayed into atoms of a new element. What happens to the other half?

A

It remains unchanged

37
Q

After a second half life, how much of the original radioactive atoms remain?

A

one quarter

38
Q

How long are half-lives?

A

They may be as short as a fraction of a second or as long as several million years.

39
Q

Change of one element into another as a result of nuclear changes (naturally or through artificial means)

A

Transmutation

40
Q

Spontaneous breakdown will continue until a stable nonradioactive nucleus is formed.

A

Radioactive decay

41
Q

Who performed the first artificial transmutation?

A

Ernest Rutherford

42
Q

Rutherford’s experiment led to the discovery of what?

A

The proton

43
Q

Who discovered the neutron during a transmutation experiment?

A

James Chadwick (1932)

44
Q

Z>92
None of these occur in nature
All are radioactive
have been synthesized in nuclear reactors and nuclear accelerators which accelerate the bombarding particles to very high speeds.

A

Transuranium Elements

45
Q

These transuranium elements are the first artificial elements ever made (1940)

A

Pu and Np

46
Q

Splitting of a nucleus into smaller nuclei of approximate equal mass
Does not occur spontaneously
The nuclei of an element is bombarded with neutrons

A

Nuclear Fission

47
Q

Fission continues by _____ ________. Some of the neutrons produced react with other fissionable atoms producing more n^0 than react with still more fissionable atoms.

A

chain reaction

48
Q

_______ produces great amount of energy.

A

Fission

49
Q

Whats an example of an uncontrolled chain reaction?

A

An atomic bomb

50
Q

Controlled fission produces what? (done in nuclear reactors)

A

useful energy

51
Q

neutron moderation (does this to neutrons)

A

slows down neutrons

52
Q

neutron absorption (does what to the number of slow n^0)?

A

decreases

53
Q

Occurs when 2 nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of heavier mass.

A

Nuclear Fusion

54
Q

Energy released from the sun is the result of what?

A

nuclear fusion

55
Q

Releases more energy than fission
Only takes place at very high temperature
Appealing as energy source

A

Solar fusion

Chemistry (7 decks)

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