Nuclear Chemistry

Question 1

• deals with the nucleus of atoms breaking apart. Atoms are continually undergoing decay
• dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, such as nuclear transmutation, and nuclear properties
• is the study of the chemical and physical properties of elements as influenced by changes in the structure of the atomic nucleus
• that is concerned with changes in the nucleus of elements. These changes are the source of radioactivity in nuclear power
• study of nuclear reaction and their uses
• involves radioactive isotopes of the elements

Answer 1

nuclear chemistry

Question 2

• same element, same number of protons, but differ in number of neutrons and atomic mass

Answer 2

isotopes

Question 3

• positively charge (+)
• inside the nucleus
• electric charge of +1.602x10^-19 C
• relative mass of 1.0072765 amu
• actual mass of 1.637x10^-24 grams

Answer 3

proton

Question 4

• no charge (0)
• inside the nucleus
• electrical charge of 0
• relative mass of 1.0086650 amu
• actual mass of 1.675x10^-24 grams

Answer 4

neutron

Question 5

• negatively charged (-)
• outside the nucleus
• electrical charge of -1.601x10^-19
• relative mass of 0.00054858 amu
• actual mass of 9.109x10^-23

Answer 5

electron

Question 6

• emit or capture radiation particle/s and unstable
• emit various types of radiation in order to become stable
• the process is called radioactivity

Answer 6

radioactive isotopes

Question 7

• can be measured using a Geiger counter, a cylinder containing a low-pressure gas and two (2) electrodes
• ionizes the atoms in the cylinder and allows current to flow between the electrodes

Answer 7

radiation

Question 8

• is energy that travels in the form of waves (electromagnetic radiation) or high-speed particles (particulate radiation)

Answer 8

radiation

Question 9

• happens when an unstable or radioactive atom disintegrates or break up

Answer 9

particulate radiation

Question 10

• has no mass and travels in waves
• range from very low energy to very high energy, called electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 10

electromagnetic radiation

Question 11

• carries enough energy to detach electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them
• made up of energetic subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds (usually greater than 1% of the speed of light), and electromagnetic waves on the high-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum
• equipment used to detect radiation: Geiger counter

Answer 11

ionizing radiation

Question 12

• any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy per quantum(photon) energy to ionize atoms or molecules–that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule
• instead of producing charged ions passing through matter, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation has sufficient energy only for excitation, the movement of an electron to a higher energy state

Answer 12

non-ionizing radiation

Question 13

• the spontaneous emission of the various types of natural radiation occurring unstable isotopes in order to become stable
• ex. radioactive elements (naturally occurring elements)

Answer 13

natural radioactivity

Question 14

• the decay or emission of nuclear radiation by the artificially produced radioactive isotopes

Answer 14

artificial or synthetic radioactivity

Question 15

• identical to a helium nucleus which has a mass number of 4 and an atomic number of 2
• has a rather low velocity, only one-tenth the speed of light (299792458 m/s)
• does not have a very high penetrating power and can be stopped by a thin sheet of paper
• it does not penetrate in the body because the He atoms capture the electrons before traveling very far
• if emitted by a radioactive substance that gets into the body, it injures normal cells in the body and is more harmful than beta and gamma
• when inhaled or ingested, usually in the form of radon gas; can be very dangerous and lead to lung cancer in the absence of radiation sickness
• it is very damaging because it can knock of atoms off of molecules

Answer 15

alpha particles

Question 16

• identical to an electron
• it has a charge of -1 and a negligible mass
• emitted from the nucleus at a much greater velocity which is nine-tenths of the speed of light
• has greater penetrating power than the alpha particle because the particles are 10 times smaller, but less penetrating than gamma decay
• it can penetrate through about 1cm of flesh before they are brought to halt because of electrostatic force and harmful when it gets into the body
• believed to be produced when a neutron is transformed into a proton

Answer 16

beta particle

Question 17

• has a very short wavelength
• charge is 0 and mass of 0
• has a velocity equal to the speed of light
• has a very high penetrating power and most penetrating of all
• penetrates to the body and is harmful to the body; it affects the gene causing mutation
• these photons can pass though the body and cause damage by ionizing all the molecules in their way

Answer 17

gamma ray

Question 18

• found to be positive electron
• it is a particle with negligible mass and has charge of positive 1
• similar to beta particle in velocity which nine-tenths of the speed of light
• low penetrating power

Answer 18

positron

Question 19

• a particle with a relative mass of 1 amu and has a charge of 0
• has a velocity varies from about 10^-5 to 10^-1 times the speed of light
• has a relatively high penetrating power that varies with the velocity

Answer 19

neutron

Question 20

• a particle which has a relative mass of 1 amu and a relative charge of +1

Answer 20

proton

Question 21

• the changes in matter originating in the nucleus of an atom
• a change into either an atom of a different element, or a different isotope of the same element, or radioactive isotope

Answer 21

nuclear reactions

Question 22

• how many elements in the periodic table are naturally occurring

Answer 22

91

Question 23

• how many elements in the periodic table are artificially produced

Answer 23

27

Question 24

• conversion/change of one element into another element by nucelar reaction

Answer 24

nuclear transmutation

Question 25

• a nuclear reaction in which a nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei resulting for a lighter nuclei and a large amount of energy is release and a chain reaction will occur

Answer 25

nuclear fission

Question 26

• a nuclear reaction in which two or more nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus and a large amount of energy is released

Answer 26

nuclear fusion