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Chemistry for Engineers > Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ is the study of the chemical and physical properties of elements as influenced by changes in the structure of the atomic nucleus.

A

Nuclear Chemistry

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2
Q

Changes in the structure of the atomic nucleus are the source of radioactivity and _____.

A

Nuclear Power

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3
Q

The nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, ____ and _____.

A

Protons, Neutrons

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4
Q

Atomic number = no. of _____ or the no. of _____.

A

Protons, Electrons

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5
Q

Mass number = no. of _____ + no. of _____.

A

Protons, Neutrons

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6
Q

_____ are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

A

Isotopes

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7
Q

Who discovered that uranium emitted radiation?

A

Henri Becquerel

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8
Q

Who found that radiation was proportional to the amount of radioactive element present?

A

Marie Curie

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9
Q

Who proposed that radiation was a property of atoms?

A

Marie Curie

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10
Q

Who proposed the theory that radioactivity is the result of a natural change of an isotope of one element into an isotope of a different element?

A

Frederick Soddy

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11
Q

A force that combines the effects of electrical charge and magnetism. This causes oppositely charged particles to attract each other while like particles to repel each other.

A

Electromagnetic Force

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12
Q

A force that oppose the electromagnetic force of repulsion between protons.

A

Strong Nuclear Force

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13
Q

A force that is responsible for stabilizing particles through the process of radioactive decay.

A

Weak Nuclear Force

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14
Q

_____ elements seek stability by breaking into smaller masses.

A

Radioactive

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15
Q

_____ is the spontaneous and continual decay or disintegration of certain atoms, with the release of radiation and enormous amount of energy.

A

Radioactivity

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16
Q

_____ decay is the loss of an α-particle (a helium nucleus).

A

Alpha

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17
Q

_____ decay is the loss of a β-particle (a high energy electron).

A

Beta

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18
Q

In beta decay, neutron changes into _____ and _____.

A

Proton, Electron

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19
Q

_____ is a particle that has the same mass but an opposite charge to that of an electron.

A

Positron

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20
Q

_____ decay is the loss of a γ-ray, which is high energy radiation that almost always accompanies the loss of a nuclear particle.

A

Gamma

21
Q

Addition of an electron to a proton in the nucleus to create a neutron is known as ________.

A

Electron Capture / K-Capture

22
Q

All element except _____ will have repulsions between the protons in the nucleus.

A

Hydrogen

23
Q

_____ play a key role in stabilizing the nucleus.

A

Neutrons

24
Q

For smaller nuclei with atomic number less than or equal to __ , they are stable and have a neutron-to-proton ratio close to 1:1.

A

20

25
Q

Nuclei that have too many neutrons tend to decay through ____.

A

Beta Decay

26
Q

Nuclei that have too many protons tend to become more stable by _____ or _____.

A

Positron Emission, Electron Capture

27
Q

There are no stable nuclei with an atomic number greater than __.

A

83

28
Q

Nuclei with such large atomic numbers tend to decay through _____.

A

Alpha Decay

29
Q

Nuclei with an even number of protons and neutrons tend to be more _____ than nuclides that have odd numbers of these nucleons.

A

Stable

30
Q

Formula for 1st-Order Reaction:

A

ln (Nf/Ni) = -kt

31
Q

Formula for Half-Life

A

t(1/2) = 0.693/k

32
Q

Device that measures the amount of activity present in a radioactive sample.

A

Geiger Counter

33
Q

_____ is a method used to determine the age of materials based on the known decay rate of radioactive isotopes.

A

Radiometric Dating

34
Q

3 common methods of radiometric dating are _____ , _____ , and ______.

A

Carbon-14, Potassium-Argon dating, Uranium-Lead dating.

35
Q

Nuclei with 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, or 82 _____ tend to be more stable that nuclides with a different number of nucleons.

A

Protons

36
Q

Nuclei with 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, or 126 _____ tend to be more stable that nuclides with a different number of nucleons

A

Neutrons

37
Q

_____ is the transformation/conversion of one element into another by a nuclear reaction.

A

Nuclear Transmutation

38
Q

Device that smash atoms or particles together to induced nuclear transmutations.

A

Particle Accelerator

39
Q

A type of particle accelerator that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams.

A

Electrostatic Field accelerator

40
Q

A type of particle accelerator that uses radio frequency electromagnetic fields to circumvent the breakdown problem.

A

Oscillating Field accelerator

41
Q

_____ takes place when a large, somewhat unstable isotope is bombarded by high-speed particles, usually neutrons.

A

Nuclear Fission

42
Q

This is the type of reaction carried out in nuclear reactors.

A

Nuclear Fission

43
Q

_____ is a certain minimum amount of fissionable material present for the chain reaction to be sustained.

A

Critical Mass

44
Q

_____ is the union of atomic nuclei to form heavier nuclei resulting in the release of enormous amounts of energy.

A

Nuclear Fusion

45
Q

Fusion takes place when two low-mass isotopes, typically isotopes of hydrogen, unite under conditions of extreme _____ and ______.

A

Pressure, Temperature

46
Q

There are __% source of natural radiation and __% source of artificial radiation.

A

82%, 18%

47
Q

Fusion is what powers the _____.

A

Sun

48
Q

The products of the reaction in nuclear fusion are not _____.

A

Radioactive

Chemistry for Engineers (5 decks)

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