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Adv Inorg > Nuclear Chem > Flashcards

Nuclear Chem Flashcards

1
Q

Holds the nucleons of nuclei together

A

Nuclear Force

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2
Q

What is Nuclear Stability?

A

The stability of a nucleus is determined by the balance between the attractive nuclear force and the repulsive electrostatic force. The nuclear force is a strong, short-range force that binds protons and neutrons together, while the electrostatic force is a long-range force that repels protons from each other.

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3
Q

Electrostatic force

A

Force that causes opposite electrical charges to attract each other

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4
Q

What is the term for nucleus in nuclear chem?

A

Nucleon

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5
Q

What is a nucleon?

A
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6
Q

Enumerate the Elementary Particles

A
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7
Q

Nuclear Binding Energy

A
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8
Q

What is nuclear binding energy?

A

The energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons.

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9
Q

True or False: Higher binding energy indicates a more stable nucleus.

A

True

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which an unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation is called __________.

A

radioactivity

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11
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

An isotope that is unstable and decays over time, emitting radiation.

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12
Q

Which of the following is an example of an artificial isotope? A) Carbon-14 B) Uranium-235 C) Cobalt-60 D) Hydrogen-1

A

C) Cobalt-60

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13
Q

What are the three main types of radiation emitted during radioactive decay?

A

Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.

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14
Q

True or False: Nuclear fission is a type of nuclear reaction.

A

True

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15
Q

What is the primary difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?

A

Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus, while fusion is the combining of light nuclei.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the time required for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.

A

half-life

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17
Q

What is the main purpose of separating radioactive isotopes?

A

To obtain isotopes for medical, industrial, or research applications.

18
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following techniques is commonly used for isotope separation? A) Electromagnetic separation B) Filtration C) Centrifugation D) Distillation

A

A) Electromagnetic separation

19
Q

What is the significance of the mass defect in nuclear binding energy?

A

It accounts for the difference between the mass of a nucleus and the sum of the masses of its individual nucleons.

20
Q

True or False: Artificial isotopes can be created through nuclear reactions.

A

True

21
Q

What is the role of a neutron moderator in a nuclear reactor?

A

To slow down neutrons to increase the likelihood of fission.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ decay involves the emission of a helium nucleus.

A

Alpha

23
Q

What is the formula used to calculate the binding energy per nucleon?

A

Binding energy per nucleon = Total binding energy / Number of nucleons.

24
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of radiation has the highest penetrating power? A) Alpha B) Beta C) Gamma

A

C) Gamma

25
Q

What is a common application of cobalt-60?

A

It is used in cancer radiation therapy.

26
Q

True or False: Radioactive decay is a random process.

A

True

27
Q

What is the primary method for detecting radiation?

A

Using a Geiger-Müller counter.

28
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ effect occurs when a neutron collides with a nucleus and causes it to become unstable.

A

neutron capture

29
Q

What is the difference between isotopes and artificial isotopes?

A

Isotopes occur naturally, while artificial isotopes are created through nuclear reactions.

30
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of nuclear reaction? A) Fission B) Fusion C) Transmutation D) Filtration

A

D) Filtration

31
Q

What is the significance of the critical mass in a nuclear fission reaction?

A

It is the minimum mass of fissile material needed to sustain a chain reaction.

32
Q

True or False: All isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons.

A

False

33
Q

What is the ‘belt of stability’ in nuclear chemistry?

A

It is a plot of neutrons versus protons for stable isotopes. Nuclei above the belt lower their n/p ratio through beta decay, while nuclei below the belt increase their n/p ratio via positron emission or electron capture.

34
Q

What are the key rules in balancing nuclear equations?

A
  1. The total number of protons and neutrons (mass number) must be conserved.
  2. The total nuclear charge (atomic number) must be conserved.
35
Q

What type of kinetics does radioactive decay follow?

A

Radioactive decay follows first-order kinetics.

36
Q

Define nuclear transmutation.

A

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nucleus into another, typically caused by the collision of two particles.

37
Q

What is nuclear fission?

A

It is the splitting of a heavy nucleus (mass number > 200) into smaller nuclei, releasing energy and neutrons.

38
Q

What is the critical mass in a nuclear chain reaction?

A

The critical mass is the minimum mass of fissionable material required to sustain a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.

39
Q

What are the advantages of fusion reactors?

A
  1. Fuels (like deuterium) are cheap and abundant.
  2. The process produces minimal radioactive waste.
40
Q

What is the function of moderators in nuclear reactors?

A

Moderators reduce the kinetic energy of neutrons, making them more likely to cause fission in uranium-235 nuclei.

41
Q

Name a use of isotopes in medicine.

A

Radioactive isotopes are used as tracers to follow the path of elements in biological processes and for diagnostic imaging.

42
Q

What is the energy released when 1 mole of uranium-235 undergoes fission?

A

About 2.0 × 10¹³ J/mol of energy is released.

Adv Inorg (7 decks)

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