Molecular Structure & Bonding Flashcards
refers to the attractive forces that hold atoms together in compounds
Chemical bonding
Types of chemical bonding
- Ionic Bonding
- Covalent Bonding
- Metallic Bonding
Is chemical bonding a intermolecular or intramolecular force?
Intramolecular force. Force that holds atom within a single molecule or compund
a fundamental chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract
electrons in a chemical bond
Electronegativity
electronegativity differences
between atoms predict the type of chemical bond
(ionic/covalent) and polarity (polar/nonpolar, partial positive/partial negative
charges)
Pauling (χP)
energetics of bond formation
Mulliken (χM)
properties of individual atoms, electronvolts
Higher IE and EA mean the atom attracts electrons more strongly, leading to
higher Mulliken electronegativity.
Pauling (χP): Quantifying the energetics of bond formation
Example: Predicting the strength of a bond between two atoms based on their electronegativities. A higher difference in electronegativity indicates a more polar bond and a stronger attraction between the atoms.
Example: Determining the electron affinity of an atom, which measures its tendency to gain electrons. A higher electronegativity indicates a higher electron affinity.
Mulliken (χM): Describing the properties of individual atoms
Predicting the location of lone pairs of electrons in a molecule based on the electronegativities of the surrounding atoms. Atoms with higher electronegativities tend to attract electrons more strongly, leading to a higher concentration of electron density around them.
Allred and Ruchow (χAR): Estimating the charge distribution in molecules
χP = 0.5(IE + EA)
Pauling (χP)
Mulliken (χM) formula
χM = 0.5(IE + EA) - A
Allred and Ruchow (χAR)
χAR = (Zeff / r^2)
Zeff
Effective nuclear charge
