NTCA anesthesia

Question 1

Which of the opioids is most effective for analgesia of reptiles while causing less respiratory depression

Answer 1

Hydromorphone

can be revered with naloxone
be carefull with dose

combine with NSAID like meloxicam- fentanyl doesnt seem to have analgesic effect and metabolosim of opiods can be erratic

tramadol not very effective

respiritory effects of morphine are very species depended however and can be used

Question 2

example of Tranquilization to sedation protocal in reptiles

Answer 2

i. Sulcata for exam and venipuncture
ii. Option A: Midazolam, ketamine +/- dexmed. IM or IV
iii. Option B: Alfaxalone IM- because alfaxalone can be gicen im it is favoured in reptiles

Question 3

example of anasthetic protocall for Esophagostomy tube placement in reptiles

Answer 3

i. Midazolam IV or IM for sedation
ii. Hydromorphone or morphine IM
iii. Meloxicam
iv. Local lidocaine block

Question 4

example of anasthetic protocall for Rads, gastroscopy +/- celioscopy of alligator snapping turtle

Answer 4

i. Premed/induction-
1. Hydromorphone 1mg/kg
2. Ketamine 2-5 mg/kg
3. Dexmedetomidine 0.25-0.5 mg/kg
4. Midazolam 0.5-1 mg/kg
5. IV injection

ii. Maintenance-
1. Isoflurane

Question 5

example of anasthetic protocall for Rads, gastroscopy +/- celioscopy of alligator snapping turtle

Answer 5

i. Premed/induction-
1. Hydromorphone 0.5 - 1mg/kg
2. Propofol 10mg/kg or Alfaxalone 10-20 mg/kg

ii. Maintenance-
1. Isoflurane

Question 6

example of anasthetic protocall for green iguana coelomic surgery

Answer 6

i. Premed/induction-
1. Hydromorphone 1mg/kg
2. Ketamine 2-5 mg/kg
3. Dexmedetomidine 0.25-0.5 mg/kg
4. Midazolam 0.5-1 mg/kg
5. IV injection

ii. Maintenance-
1. Isoflurane

Question 7

hich of the following is the most important mechanism for hypothermia in small reptiles?

Answer 7

Convection: Air exchange at body surfaces

Question 8

methods for preventing hypotheria in reptiles during anesthesia

Answer 8

1. Forced-air warmers
   a. Can reduce convection, conduction, and radiation losses
   depending on the blanket type
2. Heating pads
   a. Reduce conduction losses
3. Heat lamps
   a. Reduce radiation losses
4. Water bath
   a. Reduce conduction, radiation losses
5. Bean/rice stockings
   a. Reduce radiation losses

Question 9

what could delay recovery from anaesthesia in reptiles?

Answer 9

Continuing pure oxygen after the procedure has ended

Question 10

name a feasible route for administration of fluids in a hypothermic and hypovolemic reptile

Answer 10

Intraosseous

Question 11

Temperature is KEY for successful anesthesia. Aim for the following core body temperature range during anesthesia in reptiles

Answer 11

32-35°C

Question 12

pre med protocall for avians

Answer 12

sually use combinations of drugs such as midazolam,
+/- glycopyrrolate, and an opioid (chosen based on species). Ketamine is generally only added
in if the patient is aggressive or resistant to the drug combination that was chosen (really used
very rarely). It was previously believed that “birds” primarily have kappa pain receptors
therefore a mixed agonist opioid like butorphanol would be more ideal as an analgesic. Recent
evidence suggests that at least in some species, full mu opioids may be more appropriate
analgesics and provide better pain relief

or major surgical procedures, we are now trending
more towards the use of full mu opioids and reserve the use of butorphanol for sedation and
mildly painful procedures

Glycopyrrolate- SC, IM, IV

Midazolam- SC, IM, IV, IN
Hydromorphone- SC, IM, IV

Ketamine- SC, IM

Butorphanol- SC, IM, IV

Question 13

induction protocall for avian species

Answer 13

Mask induction with isoflurane or sevoflurane are the most common anesthetic agents used to
induce general anesthesia in birds. It is ideal to pre-medicate the patient prior to induction as
this not only reduces MAC, but is also less stressful for the patient and often times the staff.
Ideally, patients should be pre-oxygenated for about 5 minutes prior to induction. After pre-
oxygenation, I prefer to start the vaporizer at 1% and slowly increase the setting until the
patient is in the proper anesthetic plane.

propofall
midazolam
siazepam
ketamine
all IV

Question 14

Which of the following bones is most commonly used for intraosseous catheter placement in exotic small mammels

Answer 14

Femur and tibial crest

tibiul crest and ulna can be used in birds

Question 15

which of the induction agents is NOT suggested for use in exotic small mammals that are difficult to intubate due to side effects such as apnea?

Answer 15

propofol

Question 16

common drug combos for anesthesia in small mammels

Answer 16

midazolam/ketamine in all mammals

alfaxaone +/- midazolam in al mammals
propofol +/- midazolam in ferrets

Question 17

The use of a Doppler, blood pressure cuff, and sphygmomanometer yields which type of blood pressure

Answer 17

Systolic blood pressure

Question 18

The epidural space can be found between which two vertebral bodies?

Answer 18

L7 and S1

Question 19

Using a constant rate infusion (CRI) during general anesthesia may help reduce minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in exotic small mammals. What is the main benefit of MAC reduction in these patients?

Answer 19

Reduces hypotension

Question 20

what is the preferred route of fluid delivery in the anesthetized exotic small mammal patient.

Answer 20

Intravenous

Question 21

Which of the following pieces of equipment measures end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2)

Answer 21

Capnograph

Question 22

Depth of anesthesia in small exotic mammals can be monitored by which of the following?

Answer 22

toe pinch
palpebral reflex
jaw tone

Question 23

Which of the following pieces of equipment allows you to monitor heart rate and rhythm on a continuous basis?

Answer 23

Electrocardiograph

Question 24

True or False: Butorphanol is a good analgesic choice for patients with a fractured pelvis.

Answer 24

false