NSSI and suicide Flashcards
according to the WHO, what are the three defining elements of suicide or a suicide attempt?
intent
agency
outcome
how were NSSI and suicide classified prior to the DSM-V?
exclusively as symptoms of depression and BPD
currently, how are NSSI and suicide broadly classified in the DSM?
under “conditions for further study”
what are the challenges that make research on suicide/suicidality difficult to conduct?
- low base rate
- legal constraints and stigma
- etiologically complex
- difficult to study longitudinally
- replicability issues
what are the possible reasons for gender disparities in suicidal behaviour?
- women have higher base rates for disorders that are risk factors for suicide attempts
- lethality of and access to means
- level of intent
- mental health care more used by women
- cultural acceptance of suicide may discourage reports of attempts from men
- reactions and support from others
in North America, what ethnic demographics have the highest suicide rates?
- white and Indigenous adults
- Black children 5-12
what are the greatest proximal risk factors for suicide?
- intoxication
- young age
- access to lethal means
what are the main protective factors for suicide?
- psychosocial or pharmaceutical treatment
- preventative interventions at the community level
- culturally-influenced coping strategies
according to twin and adoption studies, what aspects of suicidal behaviour/NSSI are found to be genetically influenced?
- impulsivity (found in both ideators and attempters)
- fearlessness (characterizes attempters but not ideators)
according to Thomas Joiner’s interpersonal psychological theory, how does on ego from suicidal ideation to attempt?
exposure to painful and fearsome stimuli reduces fears of pain and death
according to Klonsky and May’s 3-step theory, how does one go from suicidal ideation to attempt?
- feelings of pain and hopelessness
- pain exceeds connectedness
- dispositional acquired, and practical contributors increases capacity for suicide
according to O’Connor’s integrated motivation-volitional mode, how does one go from suicidal ideation to attempt?
defeat and entrapment
+
volitional moderators (capability, impulsivity, planning, means access, etc)
what are the proposed environmental influences on suicidal capability?
- practice
- habituation
- experience
what is the lifetime prevalence of NSSI worldwide?
13-28%
relatively stable across all regions studied
is NSSI more common in women or men?
- unclear/no significant difference
- highest in gay men and trans women among the LGBTQ communtiy
according to Klonsky, what function of NSSI is most frequently endorsed?
affect regulation
according to Nock et al, when were patients most likely to engage in NSSI?
when faced with intense but brief thoughts about NSSI
what did the study by Muelenkamp et al show about the nature of NSSI and its function?
engaging in NSSI has to do with regulating/coping with negative affect
what percent of people who attempt suicide have a history of NSSI?
85%
what percent of people who engage in NSSI go on to attempt suicide?
40%
what type of pattern of NSSI is the strongest predictor of suicidal behaviour?
repetitive + severe/dangerous methods
in developed countries, what mental disorders are the strongest predictors of suicide attempts?
PTSD
MDD
in developing countries, what mental disorders are the strongest predictors of suicide attempts?
PTSD
conduct disorder
SUD
according to O’Connor and Nock, what are the 3 psychological variables that are especially important predictors of suicidal behaviour?
depression
hopelessness
impulsivity
what do Klonsky et al propose as an emerging highly effective way to block progression from suicidal ideation to attempt?
means restriction
how do high- and low-income countries differ in their suicide rates?
high income countries have higher suicide rates and greater gender disparities in deaths
what age demographic has the highest rates of suicide?
adults 70 and older
according to Klonsky et al, what are the two dimensions of suicidal motivation?
- internal/self-oriented
- communication/other-oriented
according to Schneidman’s theory, what is the primary motivator of suicide attempt?
psychache (emotional/psychological pain) that surpasses a person’s threshold of tolerance
what is Baumeister’s theory of suicide?
escape theory: suicide attempts are motivated by a need to reduce aversive self-awareness
