NSE121 Review Material Flashcards
The loss of the ability to perform self care or activities of daily living is known as…?
Functional Decline
How is deconditioning different from functional decline?
Deconditioning involves physiological changes following a period of inactivity, bed rest, or sedentary lifestyle
What is the difference between body alignment and muscle tone?
Body alignment refers to the relationship of one body part to another body part along a horizontal or vertical line. Correct alignment involves positioning in such a way that no excessive strain is placed on a person’s joints, tendons, ligaments, or muscles, thereby maintaining adequate muscle tone and contributing to balance. Muscle tone is the internal state of muscle tension within an individual muscle or muscle groups.
What is the difference between and isotonic and isometric contraction?
Isotonic exercises cause muscle contraction and changes in muscle length (i.e., walking, swimming, dance aerobics, jogging, bicycling, and moving arms and legs with light resistance). Isotonic exercises enhance circulatory and respiratory functioning, increase muscle mass, tone, and strength; and promote osteoblastic activity (activity by bone-forming cells) to combat osteoporosis.
Isometric exercises involve tightening or tensing muscles without moving body parts. Isometric exercises are especially helpful to people who are recovering from injuries or procedures that limit their range of motion.
What 5 functions are performed by the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Define Proprioception
the awareness of the position of the body and its parts
What is a congenital abnormality?
Congenital abnormalities affect musculoskeletal alignment, balance, and appearance (i.e., scoliosis)
What are the four components in mobility assessment?
- ROM
- Gait
- Exercise
- Activity Tolerance
What is a contracture?
A permanent shortening of a muscle followed by the eventual shortening of associated ligaments and tendons. Over time the joint becomes fixed in one position, and the patient loses normal use of it.
The force exerted against the skin while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move is called…?
Shear
What are the five stages of lifestyle change?
- Pre-contemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
What is the difference between hemiplegia and hemiparesis?
Hemiplegia is muscle paralysis; hemiparesis is muscle weakness
What are joints?
Connections between the bones; each joint is classified according to its structure and degree of mobility. Joints are classified as four types: synarthrotic, cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial
What is a pressure injury?
Localized to skin and underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, shear, or friction, or a combination of these factors and is affected by moisture, nutrition, perfusion, and comorbidities
What are the six subscales of measurement for the Braden scale?
- Sensory Perception
- Moisture
- Activity
- Mobility
- Nutrition
- Friction & Shear
All of them are rated on a scale of 1-4, except friction & shear which are on a scale of 1-3
The lower the overall score, the higher the risk
What are the four stages of a pressure injury?
Stage 1: non-blanching, reddened area
Stage 2: partial thickness
Stage 3: full thickness, subcutaneous tissues are visible
Stage 4: full thickness tissue loss, cartilage, tendon, ligaments, and sometimes bone are visible
Unstageable full thickness loss but obscured by slough or eschar
What is included in a clear liquid diet?
Limited to broth, bouillon, coffee, tea, carbonated beverages, clear fruit juices, gelatin or popsicles. These liquids are easily digested and leave no undigested residue in your intestinal tract.
What is included in a full liquid diet?
Clear or thickened liquids, smooth textured dairy products, custards, refined cooked cereals, vegetable juice, pureed vegetables or any fruit juices
What is included in a pureed diet?
This diet includes everything available in a full liquid diet with the addition of scrambled eggs, pureed meats, vegetables, fruits, or mashed potatoes and gravy
What is included in a mechanical soft diet?
This diet includes everything in a full liquid diet and pureed diet as well as ground or finely diced meats, flaked fish, cottage cheese, cheese, rice, potatoes, pancakes, light breads, cooked vegetables, cooked or canned fruits, bananas, soups or peanutbutter
What is included in a soft or low residue diet?
Low-fibre diet with easily digested foods, such as pasta, casseroles, moist tender meats, canned and cooked fruits and vegetables, desserts, cakes, and cookies without nuts or coconuts
What is dysphagia?
The impairment of any part of the swallowing process increases risk of aspiration. Dysphagia and aspiration are associated with the development of aspiration pneumonia. Warning signs include:
- avoiding certain textures
- coughing or choking during eating/drinking
- change in voice tone or quality after eating, sounds wet or hoarse when eating/drinking
- leakage of liquid/food
- abnormal gag reflex
- delayed swallowing
- incomplete swallowing or pocketing of food or medications
- upper respiratory tract infections
- pneumonia
What is aspiration pneumonia?
Pneumonia is inflammation (swelling) and infection of the lungs or larger airways. Aspiration pneumonia occurs when food or liquid is breathed into the airways or lungs instead of being swallowed. Warning signs include:
- elevated respiratory rate
- fever
- cough
- chills pleuritic chest pain
- crackles
- delerium
