BLG111 Quiz Chapter 22 Flashcards
List the correct order of structures through which air moves from when it enters the body at the mouth and nose to the alveoli in the lungs.
Air enters into the upper respiratory tract through the nose and nasal cavity and through the pharynx into the lower respiratory tract by way of the larynx and trachea. Air eventually enters the bronchi and its branches and is absorbed the lungs and alveoli.
Write the formulae for Boyle’s Law and Henry’s Law and describe in words the important principle described by each.
Boyle’s law: the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas (i.e., gases always fill the container they are in - volume and gas are inversely proportional) pressure=1/volume
Henry’s Law: the amount of gas that dissolves in a solution depends on its partial pressure and its solubility
What four processes does respiration involve?
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of lungs
- External respiration: exchange of O2 and C02 between lungs and blood
- Transport: of O2 and CO2 in blood via the circulatory system
- Internal respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues via circulatory system
What is the Pharynx?
Passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus. Three subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. A passageway for air and food and houses the tonsils.
What is the Larynx?
Connects the pharynx to the trachea. Houses the vocal folds that act in voice production and acts as an airway passage; can prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract.
What are the three layers that comprise the trachea?
See slide 7 for the photomicrograph.
1. Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
2. Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea
3. Adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue (i.e., hyaline cartilage)
Why does a person develop a “smokers cough”?
Smoking inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia. Without ciliary activity, coughing is only way to prevent mucus from accumulating in the lungs.
Air passages undergo how many orders of branching within the bronchial tree?
- Much of it is a conduction region, bringing air deeper into the lungs; however, some areas are for gas exchange.
Why is it critical that bronchioles have the ability to change their luminal diamete?
Because they are highly reactive they can create either high resistance or high airflow into the lungs. High resistance may be seen during anaphylaxis.
What histological changes occur in the conducting zone from bronchi to bronchioles?
The supporting structures change (i.e., elastic fibers replace cartilage); epithelium type changes (i.e., pseudostratified columnar gives way to cuboidal and cilia and goblet cells become more sparse); amount of smooth muscle increases
What are the respiratory zone structures?
The respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs - the sites of actual gas exchange
What is the function of alveolar pores?
They connect adjacent alveoli and equalize air pressure throughout the lungs
What if the function of type II alveolar cells?
They secrete surfactant that breaks down surface tension if any fluid gets into the airway and allow the alveoli to inflate properly
Driving pressures create the flow of gas, for air to be encouraged into our lungs, we need a good atmospheric pressure - this is generally considered sea level which is…?
760mm Hg
What is a pneumothorax?
Rupturing either of the parietal or visceral pleura
