NS Questions Flashcards
Excretory System- What is the Excretory System responsible for? (2)
It is responsible for:
1. The removal of waste from the blood
2. Regulating body fluids, eg. osmoregulation
Excretory System- What are the functions of the kidneys? (4)
The functions are:
1. Maintaining homeostasis maintaining a constant internal environment
2. Filter the blood to remove wastes, eg urea, salts, and water
3. Re-absorption of useful substances, eg water and sugars
4. Maintain constant pH levels in the blood
Excretory System- Name the four parts of the excretory system (4)
The four parts are:
1. Ureter
2. Kidney
3. Urinary bladder
4. Urethra
Excretory System- What is the cause of kidney stones? (1)
The cause of kidney stones is low intake of fluids
Excretory System- What are kidney stones? (2)
Kidney stones is the formation of solid crystals in your kidney which block the ureter, which is very painful
Excretory System- How are kidney stones removed? (2)
Kidney stones are removed surgically, and broken up by sonar.
Excretory System- What are causes of kidney/renal failure? (2)
The causes of kidney/renal failure are:
1. High blood pressure
2. Overuse of medication
Excretory System- How is kidney/renal failure treated? (2)
Kidney/renal failure is treated by:
1. Kidney transplants
2. Dialysis machine (artificial kidney)
Excretory System- What is the cause of urinary infection? (1)
Urinary infection is caused by bacteria entering the bladder
Excretory System- What are the symptoms of urinary infection? (2)
The symptoms of urinary infection are:
1. Burning sensation during urination
2. Unpleasant smelling urine
Excretory System- What is the cure for urinary infection? (1)
The cure for urinary infection is antibiotics
Excretory System- Is urinary infection more common in males or females? (1)
Urinary infection is more common in females
Nervous system- What is the nervous system’s purpose? (1)
The nervous system’s purpose is to help the body receive stimuli and react to them
Nervous system- What is a stimulus? (1)
A stimulus is a change in the environment
Nervous system- What are the five sensory organs? (5)
The five sensory organs are:
1. Eyes
2. Ears
3. Tongue
4. Skin
5. Nose
Nervous system- How do we see? (6)
We can see because:
1. Objects reflect light
2. Light enters the eye
3. The lens bends the light rays and focuses it on the retina
4. Photoreceptors convert the image to impulses
5. Impulses are sent to the brain
6. Brain interprets the impulse as an image
Nervous system- How many parts is the ear divided into? Name them. (3)
The ear is divided into three parts, namely:
1. Outer ear
2. Middle ear
3. Inner ear
Nervous system- What are the functions of the ear? (2)
The two functions of the ear are:
1. Hearing
2. Balance
Nervous system- What are 4 characteristics of the tongue? (4)
4 Characteristics of the tongue are:
1. It is muscular
2. It enables the sense of taste
3. It contains taste buds
4. It plays a role in speech, chewing and swallowing.
Nervous system- What are 4 characteristics of the skin? (4)
4 Characteristics of the skin are:
1. It is the largest organ of the body
2. It protects the body
3. It controls body temperature
4. It is a sense organ, and enables touch
Nervous system- What are 3 characteristics of the nose? (3)
3 Characteristics of the nose are:
1. It enables the sense of smell
2. It is important for breathing
3. It helps with our sense of taste
Nervous system- What parts of the nervous system contribute to taste? (2)
The tongue and nose contribute to taste
Nervous system- What organ controls all our senses? (1)
The brain controls all our senses
Nervous system- What section of the spinal cord is the brain? (1)
The brain is the enlarged upper section of the spinal cord
Human reproduction- What is produced for sexual reproduction? (2)
Sex cells or gametes are produced, ie eggs and sperm
Human reproduction- When do the reproductive systems mature? (1)
The reproductive systems mature during puberty
Acids and Bases- Name 6 properties of acids (6)
6 Properties of acids are:
1. Taste sour
2. Can corrode other substances
3. Can change the colour of substances, eg, tea, beetroot juice, or red cabbage
4. Change the colour of indicators
5. Neutralise a base
6. Soluble in water
Acids and Bases- Name 2 examples of household acids. (2)
2 Examples of household acids are sour milk and vinegar
Acids and Bases- Name 3 examples of mineral acids. (3)
3 Examples of mineral acids are:
1. Hydrochloric acid (swimming pool acid)
2. Sulfuric acid (battery acid)
3. Nitric acid
Acids and Bases- What element do all acids contain? (1)
All acids contain hydrogen
Acids and Bases- How are concentrated acids indicated in a formula? (1)
Concentrated acids are indicated by a “(c)” behind the acid’s formula, eg, HCL(c)
Acids and Bases- What happens, or could happen, when diluting an acid? (3)
When diluting an acid in water, the temperature of the acid solution rises, and in strong acids, like sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, the temperature rises very high and very fast, which may cause the acid to splash out of the beaker or cause the container to burst.
Acids and Bases- When are bases formed? (2)
Bases are formed when:
1. A metal burns in oxygen, resulting in metal oxide
2. A metal oxide dissolves in water, resulting in a metal hydroxide
Acids and Bases- What are the three types of bases? (3)
The three types of bases are metal oxides, metal hydroxides, and metal carbonates
Acids and Bases- What are 6 properties of bases? (6)
6 Properties of bases are:
1. Feel soapy
2. Taste bitter
3. Can be classified as strong or weak
4. Can change the colour of other substances like beetroot juice, tea or red cabbage
5. Change the colour of indicators, such as turning litmus blue
6. Can neutralise an acid
Acids and Bases- What type of reaction is the reaction between a metal and an acid? (1)
The reaction between a metal and an acid is an exothermic reaction
Acids and Bases- Is metal a base? (1)
No, only metal carbonate, metal hydroxide, and metal oxide are bases. Not just metal.
Acids and Bases- What does the reaction between an acid and a metal produce? (2)
The reaction between an acid and a metal produces salt and hydrogen gas
Acids and Bases- What does an exothermic reaction release? (2)
An exothermic reaction releases energy IN THE FORM OF HEAT
Acids and Bases- What is a salt a compound of?
Salt is a compound made up of a metal and a non-metal
Acids and Bases- What type of salt is produced when hydrochloric acid reacts with a metal? (1)
A chloride is produced when hydrochloric acid reacts with metal.
Acids and Bases- What type of chemical reaction occurs when a basic metal oxide (base) reacts with an acid? (1)
Neutralisation occurs
Acids and Bases- What is produced when an acid reacts with a base (eg, metal oxide) (2)
Salt and water is produced
Acids and Bases- What ph do bases have?
Bases are alkaline with a ph > 7
Acids and Bases- Name 6 properties that neutralisation reactions have (6)
Neutralisation reactions have the following properties:
1. The acidity of an acid solution will decrease during neutralisation and the pH of the acidic solution increases
2. The basic properties of an alkali decrease during the neutralisation and the pH of the alkaline solution decreases
3. Energy is released, and therefore, neutralisation is an exothermic reaction
4. The acid molecule loses its hydrogen during neutralisation
5. The metal of the basic metal oxide replaces the hydrogen in the acid to form a salt in a neutralisation reaction
6. The hydrogen of the acid, and the oxygen of the metal oxide (base) form water.
Acids and Bases- What 2 acids are commonly used in the laboratory? (2)
Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid are commonly used in the laboratory
Acids and Bases- What causes acid rain? (7)
Combustion reactions such as petrol, diesel, charcoal, etc, release gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
These gases react with rain (moisture) to form dilute acids
The following reactions occur:
Carbon dioxde reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water and forms a combination of nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HNO2), and nitrogen oxide (NO)
Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfurous acid (H2SO3)
This causes rain to become more acidic, and become acid rain.
*note: all numbers used in this answer are subscripts (small numbers under the formula/element)
Acids and Bases- What are the harms of acid rain? (2)
The harms of acid rain include:
1. It causes the pH of soil and freshwater sources to decrease because it becomes more acidic
2. Chemical weathering of marble, sandstone, and metal statues and other historical architectural structures
Acids and Bases- How can we make soil less acidic? (1)
We can make soil less acidic by using calcium oxide (CaO)
Acids and Bases- What does vinegar consist of? (2)
Vinegar consists of ethanoic acid diluted with water
Acids and Bases- What are some examples of metal carbonate? (3)
Examples of metal carbonate include:
1. Carbonate of soda (NaHCO3)
2. Chalk (CaCo3)
3. Marble (CaCO3)
*note: all numbers used in this answer are subscript (small numbers under formulas/elements)
Acids and Bases- True or false, chalk and marble have the same chemical formula?
True, both are CaCO3
*note: all numbers used in this answer are subscript (small numbers under formulas/elements)
Acids and Bases- How do you test if the gas released in a reaction is carbon dioxide? (2)
To test if the gas that is released is carbon dioxide, it is bubbled through clear limewater. If the limewater turns milky, then the gas is carbon dioxide.
Acids and Bases- What does the reaction of acid and metal carbonate produce? (2)
The reaction of acid and metal carbonate produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide GAS
Forces- What is a force (1)
A force is a push or pull
Forces- Can a force be seen? (2)
No, a force cannot be seen, but the effect of it can
Forces- What unit is force measured in? (1)
Force is measured in newtons (N)
Forces- What are the 5 results if a force is exerted on an object? (5)
The 5 results are:
1. Speeding up or slowing down
2. Deformation
3. Rotation
4. Direction changes
5. Object comes to a standstill
Forces- What are the reasons of no visible effects of a force? (2)
The two possible reasons are:
1. The force is too small
2. The force exerted by the two objects on each other are equal and in opposite directions
Forces- How do objects always exert forces on each other? (1)
They occur in pairs
Forces- What are paired forces? (2)
Paired forces are when each object exerts a force of equal magnitude on the other object. The two forces are in opposite directions.
Forces- What is a spring balance? (2)
It is a simple device that contains a spiral spring. When it is stretched out, it gives a reading of the force used to stretch it.
Forces- What are the two types of forces? Explain them. (2)
The two types of forces are non-contact forces (field forces) which work over a distance, and contact forces where an object touches another object.
Forces- Give three examples of non-contact forces. (3)
Examples of non-contact forces include:
1. Gravitational force
2. Magnetic forces
3. Electrostatic forces
Forces- Give seven examples of contact forces. (7)
Examples of contact forces include:
1. Mechanical force
2. Applied force
3. Friction forces
4. Normal forces
5. Tension force/tension
6. Air resistance
7. Elastic forces in springs
Forces- What is gravitational force? (1)
Gravitational force is when objects attract each other without touching
Forces- Where is the direction gravitational attractive force always towards? (1)
The direction of gravitational attractive force is always towards the centre of the object
Forces- What are the differences between mass and weight? (3)
The differences between mass and weight include:
- The mass of an object is an indication of the amount of matter that the object consists of, however, weight is the attractive force that Earth (or a planet) exerts on an object
- The mass of an object remains constant, but the weight of it changes
- Mass is measured in kg, but weight is measured in newtons (N).
Forces-Why does the weight of an object change, but its mass doesn’t? (2)
This happens because the weight of an object relates to its mass- the bigger the mass, the more the item is attracted by the planet. The masses and radii of planets differ, and so the attractive force exerted by each planet on an object will differ, while the mass stays the same.
Forces- What is the weight formula? (1)
The formula for weight is:
Fg(g in subscript) = w(weight, N) = mg (mass times gravitational acceleration)
Forces- What is the magnitude of the Earth and Moon? (2)
The magnitude of the Earth is 9,8m×s^-2 and the moon is 1,6m×s^-2
Forces- What are the metals that are magnetic? (3)
The metals that have magnetic properties are:
1. Steel
2. Cobalt
3. Nickel
Forces- What are ‘ferromagnetic’ materials? (1)
Ferromagnetic materials are materials that are attracted by a magnet
Forces- What do all magnets have? (2)
All magnets have a north and a south pole
Forces- Where does a compass point? (1)
A compass points to the MAGNETIC north pole of the earth
Forces- What is the earth’s core made of? (2)
The earth’s core is made of nickel and iron
Forces- Where are the magnetic forces the strongest on the earth? (2)
The magnetic forces are strongest at the north and south pole
Forces- What are the two types of electrical charges? (2)
The two types of electrical charges are positive and negative charges
Forces- What are the three things atoms consist of? (3)
Atoms consist of:
1. Protons (+ charge) in the nucleus
2. Neutrons (neutral charge) in the nucleus
3. Electrons (- charge) in the space around the nucleus
Forces- When is an object positively or negatively charged? (2)
An object is positively charged if it gives electrons away, therefore having more protons than electrons
An object is negatively charged if it accepts electrons, therefore having fewer protons than electrons
Forces- What is the force that charged objects exert? (1)
The force that charged object exert is electrostatic force
Forces- Can protons move from one object to another? (1)
No, protons cannot move from one object to another, only electrons can
Forces- How can you charge an object? (1)
You can charge an object by rubbing it
Forces- How is lightning caused (6)
Lightning is caused by:
1. Particles and droplets in clouds rubbing and bumping against each other become charged.
2. Large amounts of negative and positive charges are separated.
3. A lot of negative charges accumulate mainly in the bottom part of the cloud, and positive charges in the top half.
4. These separated charges cause a difference in potential energy
5. Lightning discharges a large amount of charge to Earth, which causes a large amount of energy to be transferred from the charged cloud to Earth.
6. During discharge, potential energy is converted into electrical energy that is converted again to intense light energy and heat energy
Forces- What are some safety measures during lightning? (5)
Some safety measures include:
1. Avoid outdoor activities in bad weather
2. Take shelter inside a building or vehicle
3. Avoid trees, carports, convertible cars, motorbikes, towers, fences, telephone poles and power lines.
4. Avoid using telephones and other electrical apparatus
5. Rather do not bath or shower
Forces- What should you do if you are outside without shelter nearby, during lightning storms? (4)
You should:
1. Make your body size as small as possible by squatting and putting your head between your knees
2. Not lie on the ground, as current can move through the ground and still flow through your body
3. Avoid trees, fences and poles. If you are in the woods, seek shelter under the shorter trees
4. If you are on a dam, try to get to dry land as soon as possible and seek shelter
Circuits- What does a cell consist of? (2)
A cell consists of:
1. An electrolyte that contains positive and negative particles, which are called ions, and are free to move.
2. Metal rods that serve as poles or electrodes
Circuits- What is a battery? (1)
A battery is more than one cell that are connected in series
Circuits- How is current conducted? (6)
Current is conducted by:
1. Pieces of two different metals, eg, zinc and copper, are placed in the electrolyte
2. The two metals make the positive and negative poles of cell
3. When the are connected to an external circuit, the positive ions are attracted to the negative pole and the negative ions are attracted to the positive pole
4. There is potential difference between the poles
5. Energy is transferred to charges in an external circuit
6. A current flows through the external circuit
Circuits- What are electrodes? (1)
Electrodes are the two metals that make the positive and negative poles of the cell
Circuits- What are the two types of cells? (2)
The two types of cells are wet (eg car battery) and dry cells ( cells used in torches, radios, toys, etc)
Circuits- True or false, the more cells connected in series, the brighter the bulbs will glow? (1)
True
Circuits- True or false, the more cells connected in parallel, the brighter the bulbs will glow?
False, an increase in cells connected in parallel does not have an influence on the brightness with which the light bulb glows
Circuits- What is an electric current? (1)
An electric current is the rate of flow of charge.
Circuits- What is charge? (1)
Charge is the collective name for billions of electrons
Circuits- True or false, all conductors heat up if current flows through it?
True, no matter how good the conductor is
Circuits- What are connectors? Give an example. (3)
Connectors are substances that conduct an electrical current and offer little resistance against the flow of charge. Examples are metals like copper, silver and iron
Circuits- What is a resistor? (3)
A resistor is the component in a circuit that can control the energy transfer in the current and convert it into useful forms, which has a high resistance against the flow of current and is a weak conductor of electricity
Circuits- What are factors that influence resistance? (4)
Factors that influence resistance are:
1. Type of conductor: metals like copper, gold and silver have low resistance. Tungsten, nickel and chrome have high resistance
2. Length of conductor: the longer a conductor, the greater the resistance
3. Thickness of conductor: the thicker a conductor, the smaller the resistance
4. Temperature: the hotter a conductor, the greater the resistance
Circuits- Name 3 materials with low resistance. (3)
Copper, gold and silver have low resistance
Circuits- Name 3 materials with high resistance. (3)
Tungsten, nickel and chrome have high resistance
Circuits- What is required for current to flow? (2)
A source of energy and a closed circuit is required
Circuits- What is conventional current? (1)
Conventional current is current that flows from the positive pole of the battery through the circuit to the negative pole.
Circuits- What is potential difference? (1)
Potential difference means the difference in potential energy between two points
OR
Electrical potential energy per unit of charge
Circuits- What is another name for potential difference? (1)
Another name for potential difference is ‘tension’
Circuits- Give 3 characteristics of a series circuit. (3)
Characteristics of a series circuit include:
1. There is only one path for the current to flow through all components
2. The CURRENT is the SAME everywhere (at all points)
3. The POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE is DIVIDED
Circuits- Give 4 characteristics of a parallel circuit. (4)
Characteristics of a parallel circuit include:
1. There is more than one path for the current to flow
2. There is a separate path through each component in parallel
3. The POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE is the SAME over all the parallel components
4. The resistance decreases if resistors are connected in parallel
