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Final Year Examination > NS Questions > Flashcards

NS Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Excretory System- What is the Excretory System responsible for? (2)

A

It is responsible for:
1. The removal of waste from the blood
2. Regulating body fluids, eg. osmoregulation

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2
Q

Excretory System- What are the functions of the kidneys? (4)

A

The functions are:
1. Maintaining homeostasis maintaining a constant internal environment
2. Filter the blood to remove wastes, eg urea, salts, and water
3. Re-absorption of useful substances, eg water and sugars
4. Maintain constant pH levels in the blood

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3
Q

Excretory System- Name the four parts of the excretory system (4)

A

The four parts are:
1. Ureter
2. Kidney
3. Urinary bladder
4. Urethra

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4
Q

Excretory System- What is the cause of kidney stones? (1)

A

The cause of kidney stones is low intake of fluids

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5
Q

Excretory System- What are kidney stones? (2)

A

Kidney stones is the formation of solid crystals in your kidney which block the ureter, which is very painful

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6
Q

Excretory System- How are kidney stones removed? (2)

A

Kidney stones are removed surgically, and broken up by sonar.

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6
Q

Excretory System- What are causes of kidney/renal failure? (2)

A

The causes of kidney/renal failure are:
1. High blood pressure
2. Overuse of medication

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7
Q

Excretory System- How is kidney/renal failure treated? (2)

A

Kidney/renal failure is treated by:
1. Kidney transplants
2. Dialysis machine (artificial kidney)

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8
Q

Excretory System- What is the cause of urinary infection? (1)

A

Urinary infection is caused by bacteria entering the bladder

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9
Q

Excretory System- What are the symptoms of urinary infection? (2)

A

The symptoms of urinary infection are:
1. Burning sensation during urination
2. Unpleasant smelling urine

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10
Q

Excretory System- What is the cure for urinary infection? (1)

A

The cure for urinary infection is antibiotics

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11
Q

Excretory System- Is urinary infection more common in males or females? (1)

A

Urinary infection is more common in females

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12
Q

Nervous system- What is the nervous system’s purpose? (1)

A

The nervous system’s purpose is to help the body receive stimuli and react to them

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13
Q

Nervous system- What is a stimulus? (1)

A

A stimulus is a change in the environment

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14
Q

Nervous system- What are the five sensory organs? (5)

A

The five sensory organs are:
1. Eyes
2. Ears
3. Tongue
4. Skin
5. Nose

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15
Q

Nervous system- How do we see? (6)

A

We can see because:
1. Objects reflect light
2. Light enters the eye
3. The lens bends the light rays and focuses it on the retina
4. Photoreceptors convert the image to impulses
5. Impulses are sent to the brain
6. Brain interprets the impulse as an image

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16
Q

Nervous system- How many parts is the ear divided into? Name them. (3)

A

The ear is divided into three parts, namely:
1. Outer ear
2. Middle ear
3. Inner ear

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17
Q

Nervous system- What are the functions of the ear? (2)

A

The two functions of the ear are:
1. Hearing
2. Balance

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18
Q

Nervous system- What are 4 characteristics of the tongue? (4)

A

4 Characteristics of the tongue are:
1. It is muscular
2. It enables the sense of taste
3. It contains taste buds
4. It plays a role in speech, chewing and swallowing.

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19
Q

Nervous system- What are 4 characteristics of the skin? (4)

A

4 Characteristics of the skin are:
1. It is the largest organ of the body
2. It protects the body
3. It controls body temperature
4. It is a sense organ, and enables touch

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20
Q

Nervous system- What are 3 characteristics of the nose? (3)

A

3 Characteristics of the nose are:
1. It enables the sense of smell
2. It is important for breathing
3. It helps with our sense of taste

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21
Q

Nervous system- What parts of the nervous system contribute to taste? (2)

A

The tongue and nose contribute to taste

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22
Q

Nervous system- What organ controls all our senses? (1)

A

The brain controls all our senses

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23
Q

Nervous system- What section of the spinal cord is the brain? (1)

A

The brain is the enlarged upper section of the spinal cord

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24
Q

Human reproduction- What is produced for sexual reproduction? (2)

A

Sex cells or gametes are produced, ie eggs and sperm

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25
Q

Human reproduction- When do the reproductive systems mature? (1)

A

The reproductive systems mature during puberty

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26
Q

Acids and Bases- Name 6 properties of acids (6)

A

6 Properties of acids are:
1. Taste sour
2. Can corrode other substances
3. Can change the colour of substances, eg, tea, beetroot juice, or red cabbage
4. Change the colour of indicators
5. Neutralise a base
6. Soluble in water

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27
Q

Acids and Bases- Name 2 examples of household acids. (2)

A

2 Examples of household acids are sour milk and vinegar

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28
Q

Acids and Bases- Name 3 examples of mineral acids. (3)

A

3 Examples of mineral acids are:
1. Hydrochloric acid (swimming pool acid)
2. Sulfuric acid (battery acid)
3. Nitric acid

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29
Q

Acids and Bases- What element do all acids contain? (1)

A

All acids contain hydrogen

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30
Q

Acids and Bases- How are concentrated acids indicated in a formula? (1)

A

Concentrated acids are indicated by a “(c)” behind the acid’s formula, eg, HCL(c)

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31
Q

Acids and Bases- What happens, or could happen, when diluting an acid? (3)

A

When diluting an acid in water, the temperature of the acid solution rises, and in strong acids, like sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, the temperature rises very high and very fast, which may cause the acid to splash out of the beaker or cause the container to burst.

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32
Q

Acids and Bases- When are bases formed? (2)

A

Bases are formed when:
1. A metal burns in oxygen, resulting in metal oxide
2. A metal oxide dissolves in water, resulting in a metal hydroxide

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33
Q

Acids and Bases- What are the three types of bases? (3)

A

The three types of bases are metal oxides, metal hydroxides, and metal carbonates

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34
Q

Acids and Bases- What are 6 properties of bases? (6)

A

6 Properties of bases are:
1. Feel soapy
2. Taste bitter
3. Can be classified as strong or weak
4. Can change the colour of other substances like beetroot juice, tea or red cabbage
5. Change the colour of indicators, such as turning litmus blue
6. Can neutralise an acid

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35
Q

Acids and Bases- What type of reaction is the reaction between a metal and an acid? (1)

A

The reaction between a metal and an acid is an exothermic reaction

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36
Q

Acids and Bases- Is metal a base? (1)

A

No, only metal carbonate, metal hydroxide, and metal oxide are bases. Not just metal.

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37
Q

Acids and Bases- What does the reaction between an acid and a metal produce? (2)

A

The reaction between an acid and a metal produces salt and hydrogen gas

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38
Q

Acids and Bases- What does an exothermic reaction release? (2)

A

An exothermic reaction releases energy IN THE FORM OF HEAT

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39
Q

Acids and Bases- What is a salt a compound of?

A

Salt is a compound made up of a metal and a non-metal

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40
Q

Acids and Bases- What type of salt is produced when hydrochloric acid reacts with a metal? (1)

A

A chloride is produced when hydrochloric acid reacts with metal.

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41
Q

Acids and Bases- What type of chemical reaction occurs when a basic metal oxide (base) reacts with an acid? (1)

A

Neutralisation occurs

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42
Q

Acids and Bases- What is produced when an acid reacts with a base (eg, metal oxide) (2)

A

Salt and water is produced

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42
Q

Acids and Bases- What ph do bases have?

A

Bases are alkaline with a ph > 7

43
Q

Acids and Bases- Name 6 properties that neutralisation reactions have (6)

A

Neutralisation reactions have the following properties:
1. The acidity of an acid solution will decrease during neutralisation and the pH of the acidic solution increases
2. The basic properties of an alkali decrease during the neutralisation and the pH of the alkaline solution decreases
3. Energy is released, and therefore, neutralisation is an exothermic reaction
4. The acid molecule loses its hydrogen during neutralisation
5. The metal of the basic metal oxide replaces the hydrogen in the acid to form a salt in a neutralisation reaction
6. The hydrogen of the acid, and the oxygen of the metal oxide (base) form water.

44
Q

Acids and Bases- What 2 acids are commonly used in the laboratory? (2)

A

Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid are commonly used in the laboratory

45
Q

Acids and Bases- What causes acid rain? (7)

A

Combustion reactions such as petrol, diesel, charcoal, etc, release gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

These gases react with rain (moisture) to form dilute acids

The following reactions occur:
Carbon dioxde reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3)
Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water and forms a combination of nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HNO2), and nitrogen oxide (NO)
Sulfur dioxide reacts with water to form sulfurous acid (H2SO3)

This causes rain to become more acidic, and become acid rain.

*note: all numbers used in this answer are subscripts (small numbers under the formula/element)

46
Q

Acids and Bases- What are the harms of acid rain? (2)

A

The harms of acid rain include:
1. It causes the pH of soil and freshwater sources to decrease because it becomes more acidic
2. Chemical weathering of marble, sandstone, and metal statues and other historical architectural structures

47
Q

Acids and Bases- How can we make soil less acidic? (1)

A

We can make soil less acidic by using calcium oxide (CaO)

48
Q

Acids and Bases- What does vinegar consist of? (2)

A

Vinegar consists of ethanoic acid diluted with water

49
Q

Acids and Bases- What are some examples of metal carbonate? (3)

A

Examples of metal carbonate include:
1. Carbonate of soda (NaHCO3)
2. Chalk (CaCo3)
3. Marble (CaCO3)

*note: all numbers used in this answer are subscript (small numbers under formulas/elements)

50
Q

Acids and Bases- True or false, chalk and marble have the same chemical formula?

A

True, both are CaCO3

*note: all numbers used in this answer are subscript (small numbers under formulas/elements)

51
Q

Acids and Bases- How do you test if the gas released in a reaction is carbon dioxide? (2)

A

To test if the gas that is released is carbon dioxide, it is bubbled through clear limewater. If the limewater turns milky, then the gas is carbon dioxide.

52
Q

Acids and Bases- What does the reaction of acid and metal carbonate produce? (2)

A

The reaction of acid and metal carbonate produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide GAS

53
Q

Forces- What is a force (1)

A

A force is a push or pull

54
Q

Forces- Can a force be seen? (2)

A

No, a force cannot be seen, but the effect of it can

55
Q

Forces- What unit is force measured in? (1)

A

Force is measured in newtons (N)

56
Q

Forces- What are the 5 results if a force is exerted on an object? (5)

A

The 5 results are:
1. Speeding up or slowing down
2. Deformation
3. Rotation
4. Direction changes
5. Object comes to a standstill

57
Q

Forces- What are the reasons of no visible effects of a force? (2)

A

The two possible reasons are:
1. The force is too small
2. The force exerted by the two objects on each other are equal and in opposite directions

58
Q

Forces- How do objects always exert forces on each other? (1)

A

They occur in pairs

59
Q

Forces- What are paired forces? (2)

A

Paired forces are when each object exerts a force of equal magnitude on the other object. The two forces are in opposite directions.

60
Q

Forces- What is a spring balance? (2)

A

It is a simple device that contains a spiral spring. When it is stretched out, it gives a reading of the force used to stretch it.

61
Q

Forces- What are the two types of forces? Explain them. (2)

A

The two types of forces are non-contact forces (field forces) which work over a distance, and contact forces where an object touches another object.

62
Q

Forces- Give three examples of non-contact forces. (3)

A

Examples of non-contact forces include:
1. Gravitational force
2. Magnetic forces
3. Electrostatic forces

63
Q

Forces- Give seven examples of contact forces. (7)

A

Examples of contact forces include:
1. Mechanical force
2. Applied force
3. Friction forces
4. Normal forces
5. Tension force/tension
6. Air resistance
7. Elastic forces in springs

64
Q

Forces- What is gravitational force? (1)

A

Gravitational force is when objects attract each other without touching

65
Q

Forces- Where is the direction gravitational attractive force always towards? (1)

A

The direction of gravitational attractive force is always towards the centre of the object

66
Q

Forces- What are the differences between mass and weight? (3)

A

The differences between mass and weight include:

  1. The mass of an object is an indication of the amount of matter that the object consists of, however, weight is the attractive force that Earth (or a planet) exerts on an object
  2. The mass of an object remains constant, but the weight of it changes
  3. Mass is measured in kg, but weight is measured in newtons (N).
67
Q

Forces-Why does the weight of an object change, but its mass doesn’t? (2)

A

This happens because the weight of an object relates to its mass- the bigger the mass, the more the item is attracted by the planet. The masses and radii of planets differ, and so the attractive force exerted by each planet on an object will differ, while the mass stays the same.

68
Q

Forces- What is the weight formula? (1)

A

The formula for weight is:
Fg(g in subscript) = w(weight, N) = mg (mass times gravitational acceleration)

68
Q

Forces- What is the magnitude of the Earth and Moon? (2)

A

The magnitude of the Earth is 9,8m×s^-2 and the moon is 1,6m×s^-2

69
Q

Forces- What are the metals that are magnetic? (3)

A

The metals that have magnetic properties are:
1. Steel
2. Cobalt
3. Nickel

70
Q

Forces- What are ‘ferromagnetic’ materials? (1)

A

Ferromagnetic materials are materials that are attracted by a magnet

71
Q

Forces- What do all magnets have? (2)

A

All magnets have a north and a south pole

72
Q

Forces- Where does a compass point? (1)

A

A compass points to the MAGNETIC north pole of the earth

73
Q

Forces- What is the earth’s core made of? (2)

A

The earth’s core is made of nickel and iron

74
Q

Forces- Where are the magnetic forces the strongest on the earth? (2)

A

The magnetic forces are strongest at the north and south pole

75
Q

Forces- What are the two types of electrical charges? (2)

A

The two types of electrical charges are positive and negative charges

76
Q

Forces- What are the three things atoms consist of? (3)

A

Atoms consist of:
1. Protons (+ charge) in the nucleus
2. Neutrons (neutral charge) in the nucleus
3. Electrons (- charge) in the space around the nucleus

77
Q

Forces- When is an object positively or negatively charged? (2)

A

An object is positively charged if it gives electrons away, therefore having more protons than electrons

An object is negatively charged if it accepts electrons, therefore having fewer protons than electrons

78
Q

Forces- What is the force that charged objects exert? (1)

A

The force that charged object exert is electrostatic force

79
Q

Forces- Can protons move from one object to another? (1)

A

No, protons cannot move from one object to another, only electrons can

80
Q

Forces- How can you charge an object? (1)

A

You can charge an object by rubbing it

81
Q

Forces- How is lightning caused (6)

A

Lightning is caused by:
1. Particles and droplets in clouds rubbing and bumping against each other become charged.
2. Large amounts of negative and positive charges are separated.
3. A lot of negative charges accumulate mainly in the bottom part of the cloud, and positive charges in the top half.
4. These separated charges cause a difference in potential energy
5. Lightning discharges a large amount of charge to Earth, which causes a large amount of energy to be transferred from the charged cloud to Earth.
6. During discharge, potential energy is converted into electrical energy that is converted again to intense light energy and heat energy

82
Q

Forces- What are some safety measures during lightning? (5)

A

Some safety measures include:
1. Avoid outdoor activities in bad weather
2. Take shelter inside a building or vehicle
3. Avoid trees, carports, convertible cars, motorbikes, towers, fences, telephone poles and power lines.
4. Avoid using telephones and other electrical apparatus
5. Rather do not bath or shower

83
Q

Forces- What should you do if you are outside without shelter nearby, during lightning storms? (4)

A

You should:
1. Make your body size as small as possible by squatting and putting your head between your knees
2. Not lie on the ground, as current can move through the ground and still flow through your body
3. Avoid trees, fences and poles. If you are in the woods, seek shelter under the shorter trees
4. If you are on a dam, try to get to dry land as soon as possible and seek shelter

84
Q

Circuits- What does a cell consist of? (2)

A

A cell consists of:
1. An electrolyte that contains positive and negative particles, which are called ions, and are free to move.
2. Metal rods that serve as poles or electrodes

85
Q

Circuits- What is a battery? (1)

A

A battery is more than one cell that are connected in series

86
Q

Circuits- How is current conducted? (6)

A

Current is conducted by:
1. Pieces of two different metals, eg, zinc and copper, are placed in the electrolyte
2. The two metals make the positive and negative poles of cell
3. When the are connected to an external circuit, the positive ions are attracted to the negative pole and the negative ions are attracted to the positive pole
4. There is potential difference between the poles
5. Energy is transferred to charges in an external circuit
6. A current flows through the external circuit

87
Q

Circuits- What are electrodes? (1)

A

Electrodes are the two metals that make the positive and negative poles of the cell

88
Q

Circuits- What are the two types of cells? (2)

A

The two types of cells are wet (eg car battery) and dry cells ( cells used in torches, radios, toys, etc)

89
Q

Circuits- True or false, the more cells connected in series, the brighter the bulbs will glow? (1)

A

True

90
Q

Circuits- True or false, the more cells connected in parallel, the brighter the bulbs will glow?

A

False, an increase in cells connected in parallel does not have an influence on the brightness with which the light bulb glows

91
Q

Circuits- What is an electric current? (1)

A

An electric current is the rate of flow of charge.

92
Q

Circuits- What is charge? (1)

A

Charge is the collective name for billions of electrons

93
Q

Circuits- True or false, all conductors heat up if current flows through it?

A

True, no matter how good the conductor is

94
Q

Circuits- What are connectors? Give an example. (3)

A

Connectors are substances that conduct an electrical current and offer little resistance against the flow of charge. Examples are metals like copper, silver and iron

95
Q

Circuits- What is a resistor? (3)

A

A resistor is the component in a circuit that can control the energy transfer in the current and convert it into useful forms, which has a high resistance against the flow of current and is a weak conductor of electricity

96
Q

Circuits- What are factors that influence resistance? (4)

A

Factors that influence resistance are:
1. Type of conductor: metals like copper, gold and silver have low resistance. Tungsten, nickel and chrome have high resistance
2. Length of conductor: the longer a conductor, the greater the resistance
3. Thickness of conductor: the thicker a conductor, the smaller the resistance
4. Temperature: the hotter a conductor, the greater the resistance

97
Q

Circuits- Name 3 materials with low resistance. (3)

A

Copper, gold and silver have low resistance

98
Q

Circuits- Name 3 materials with high resistance. (3)

A

Tungsten, nickel and chrome have high resistance

99
Q

Circuits- What is required for current to flow? (2)

A

A source of energy and a closed circuit is required

100
Q

Circuits- What is conventional current? (1)

A

Conventional current is current that flows from the positive pole of the battery through the circuit to the negative pole.

101
Q

Circuits- What is potential difference? (1)

A

Potential difference means the difference in potential energy between two points

OR

Electrical potential energy per unit of charge

102
Q

Circuits- What is another name for potential difference? (1)

A

Another name for potential difference is ‘tension’

103
Q

Circuits- Give 3 characteristics of a series circuit. (3)

A

Characteristics of a series circuit include:
1. There is only one path for the current to flow through all components
2. The CURRENT is the SAME everywhere (at all points)
3. The POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE is DIVIDED

104
Q

Circuits- Give 4 characteristics of a parallel circuit. (4)

A

Characteristics of a parallel circuit include:
1. There is more than one path for the current to flow
2. There is a separate path through each component in parallel
3. The POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE is the SAME over all the parallel components
4. The resistance decreases if resistors are connected in parallel

105
Q
A

Final Year Examination (2 decks)

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