NS P/S Flashcards
Actor-observer bias
Actor-observer bias is the attribution of others’ actions to internal factors and one’s own actions to external factors.
Mere exposure effect
= repeated exposure to novel people or objects increases our
liking for them.
Social Support
- Emotional support. 2. Esteem support 3. Informational
support 4. Tangible/instrumental support 5. Companion support
• Emotional support – affection, love, trust, caring. The type that involves
Aggression
Biology: genes, amygdala/frontal lobe
Psychological: Frustration-aggression principle, Reinforcement-modeling (parents give into kids aggressive behavior)
Socio-cultural: de-individuation in groups. Social scripts (how to act in society influences by ex. violent video games)
construct validity
construct validity refers to how well a given assessment (a survey, a test, etc.) actually measures what it claims to measure—
Stress effect on brain
Hippocampus - learning and memory. Frontal cortex responsible for impulse control,
reasoning, judgment, planning. We do see atrophy in these areas subjected to stress.
• One of major emotional responses of stress is depression (problem is anhedonia –
inability to experience pleasure, so perceive more stressors).
similarity bias
projection bias
False consensus
similarity bias – implies we will not befriend people different from us.
• A projection bias is when we assume other share the same beliefs we do.
• False consensus is when we assume everyone else agrees with what we do, even if they
do not.
Types of kin
primary kin are immediate family – husband-wife, father-daughter, sister-brother, etc. Secondary kin are the immediate kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (e.g., husband and mother-in-law). Finally, tertiary kin are the secondary kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (e.g., the son of your wife’s brother).
Mediating Variable
Explains the relationship between IV and DV
Harlow Monkey Experiments
Shows that attachment basis to mother is due
to comfort, not food!
external validity
external validity—can the results of the experiment be generalized to other settings?
Stages of Observational Learning
- ) Attention to the behavior
- ) Memory of the behavior
- ) Ability to behave similarly
- ) motivation to behave similarly
stress-diathesis model
The stress-diathesis model explains that underlying stress, when exacerbated by current stressors, can lead to disturbed functioning.
narcissism
narcissism is more closely associated with a pathologically grandiose view of oneself.
Self-serving bias
Self-serving bias is attributing successes to the self and failures to external factors.
social desirability bias.
present yourself in a more socially acceptable way
Test-test reliability
inter-rater reliability.
Test-test reliability refers to the fact that a good test should give stable results over time
inter-rater reliability. That means that if an assessment is carried out by different researchers, they should generate similar results.
Reliability vs Validity
Reliability refers to how consistent and repeatable an experiment or assessment is
Validity is a measure of how well a given experiment actually measures what it sets out to measure.
general adaptation syndrome
- Alarm phase – stress reaction kicks in, heart races, resources mobilized –
“Ready for fight or flight”
o 2. Resistance – fleeing, huddling, temperature elevated, BP high, breathing rate
high, body bathed in cortisol.
o 3. Exhaustion – if resistance isn’t followed by recovery, our body’s stress
resources are depleted, our tissues become damaged and our dampened
acquiescence bias
If they know what the researcher is interested in or the aim of the study, they may select certain responses to please the researcher,
developmental model
A developmental model shows how experiences at an early age can impact a person throughout his life.
meritocracy
Peoples achievements based on their effort
Informal Norms are
Mores (pronounced “more-ays”) are informal norms that carry major importance for society and, if broken, can result in severe social sanctions.
folkways are informal norms that have less significance attached to them but that still influence everyday behavior
anhedonia
anhedonia –
inability to experience pleasure, so perceive more stressors).
Altruism
care about welfare of other people and are acting to help them. Beneficial to
society and also individuals.
Kin selection - people act more altruistically to close/kin than distant/non-kin
people.
Reciprocal altruism - People are also more cooperative if they will interact with
that person again in the future
Cost signalling – giving signals to others that person who’s giving has resources
central tendency bias
avoid extreme responses and gravitate toward the mean
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis – suggests some people are altruistic due to empathy.
High empathy = high in altruistic behaviors
Types of Parenting styles
Authoritarian parenting: very strict, break will of child. Punishment.
§ Authoritative: also strict, consistent and loving but more pragmatic and
issue-oriented and listen to children’s arguments. Balance responsibility
with rights of child. Discipline.
§ Permissive parenting/Indulgent parenting: non-directive and lenient.
Few behavioral expectations for child.
internal validity
s internal validity, then the study has internally been well constructed, using things like large random samples, safeguards against confounding variables, reasonable and reliable processes and instruments, etc.
Moderating Variable
variable that affects the strength of the relationship between a dependent and independent variable, NOT direct affect
Sherif’s Robber’s Cave Experiment
children were grouped into different camps and, through manipulation, were encouraged to have negative attitudes towards each other. However, after given a task in which they had to collaborate, they began to view each other more favorably.
secure
attachment and insecure attachment.
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
60% were secure attachment
§ #1: Child was secure with parent and explored room, might have stayed
with mother and eventually explored room (aka. child might walk back to
mother at times or look back at mother, but comfortable exploring)
§ #2: When parent left, child became really distressed/upset
§ #3: when parent comes back, they would go to the mother and be happy
o 40% were classified as having Insecure attachment
§ #1: children cling to mother, and stayed with mother and did not explore.
§ #2: When mother left became upset/distress
§ #3: distress did not go away when she came back.
§ Others were avoidant – were not upset when they
Types of Deviance
Primary deviance is deviance from a norm that is considered “acceptable” by society
Secondary deviance from a norm, however, is not considered acceptable and often results in the individual being excluded from a group.
Expectancy effects
participants behave in a way that they believe is expected in a study,
social cognitive theory
individuals learn behavior through observing others.
Criterion validity
extent to which a test reflects a specific quality (like empathy) or set of abilities. To measure criterion validity, researchers typically compare their test to another test that is used most often in the field.
diathesis-stress model
diathesis-stress model postulates that some people are born with genetic or biological traits that predispose them to depression.
psychodynamic Stuff
has to do with unconscious
Medicalization
occurs when human conditions previously considered normal get
defined as medical conditions
“sick role” “dysfunction”
Cognitive behavioral model of depression
our thought and a beliefs influence our actions
In-groups vs out-groups
In-groups are groups of individuals who feel loyal to one another and take pride in belonging to them.(vets)
Out groups are considered the “other” and are typically in conflict with in groups. For example, enemy troops could be considered out groups.
Stressors
Significant life changes
Catastrophic events
Daily hassles
Ambient stressors
Feminist Theory
Feminist theory focuses on power and control of one group (generally males, or patriarchal society in general) over another (type of conflict theory)
ecological model.
ecological models focus on the context of an individual, including interpersonal factors (relationships with others), social/cultural factors, and community-level factors
Demographic transition
demographic transition is the tendency for both birth and death rates in developed countries to decline over time.
Cochrane reviews
Cochrane reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy and are currently the highest standard in evidence-based health care. They investigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.
Fixations in Freud’s Psychosexual Development
Oral stage (If fixation here, issues with dependency or aggression. Also smoking or biting fingers/nails, suck their thum) Anal stage (have problems with orderliness and messiness) Phallic stage (If fixation occurs, cause homosexuality/exhibitionism) latent (none) genital (none)
Appraisal
theory of stress.
two stages
Primary appraisal – assessing stress in present situation as
Secondary appraisal – Evaluation of the individual’s ability to cope with the
situation
antisocial personality disorder
Those with the disorder tend to display a disregard for the feelings or rights of others, an impoverished moral sense, and aggressive behavior. q
psychodynamic model
A psychodynamic model would show how relationship experiences can affect subsequent relationships.
Negative and positive controls
Negative controls are treatments that are known to have no effect
positive controls are treatments that are known to have a certain effect and can therefore be used to assess whether the experimental methodology was sound
