NS C/P Flashcards
Hydrogenation
double bond to single bond and adding a H’s
reduction
Formaldehyde and Formic Acid
O=CH2
O=CH-OH
Hemiacetals/Acetals
Hemiacetals are compounds in which a terminal carbon atom is connected to (1) another carbon atom, (2) an –H atom, (3) an –OH group, and (4) an –OR group.
Acetals are derivatives of hemiacetals in which the –OH group is replaced by an –OR’ group.
Additionally, when a glycosidic bond is formed between two monosaccharides (isolated sugar molecules) to form a disaccharide, a hemiacetal or hemiketal is converted into an acetal or ketal.
beta-plus decay
beta-plus decay, a proton is converted into a neutron, and a β+ particle (a positron) is emitted to preserve charge
Atomic number minus 1
kinetic molecular theory
the average kinetic energy of a sample of gas depends only on the temperature of the sample.
This relationship can be shown by the formula KE = (3/2)KBT, where KB is the Boltzmann constant.
Doppler effect
V(obs) is postive if observer is moving towards the source
V(source) is positive if moving away from the source
gets inaccurate as angle approaches 90 degress
magnetic field based on current direction
point thumb towards current flowing and twist hands for direction of magnetic field. current flows in the OPPOSITE direction of electrons
Density of water
The density of water at 4°C and 1 atm is 1000 kg/m3, or 1 g/cm3.
bond order
single bond = 1 double bond = 2 triple bond = 3 resonance can cause .5 ex. COO- has resonance between O’s = 1.5
Lewis acids
electron pair accepters, electrophile, has vacant room in its electron orbital, 1.) cations 2.) incomplete octet 3.) central atom can have expanded octet 4.) CO2, SO2 types
A woman is standing two meters away from a speaker. The speaker is turned up to 11 on its dial, and the power of the sound hitting her tympanic membrane increases 100-fold. How far would the woman need to move to reduce the sound back to its original decibel level?
B is correct. The decibel level of sound is given by dB = 10log (I/Io), where I denotes intensity and Io is the reference intensity, which represents the lowest intensity audible to the human ear. In order to have the same decibel level, the same intensity, I, must reach the tympanic membrane. The intensity of sound is given by the equation I = P/A, where P = power and A = area. If the power increases 100-fold, then the area would need to increase by a factor of 100 to maintain the same intensity. The area, A, of the sound wave is given by the surface area of a sphere as the sound travels away from the speaker. The surface area of a sphere is proportional to the radius squared, or r2 (A = 4πr2). So, in order to increase the area 100-fold, the radius, r, must increase by a factor of 10 (102 = 100). Thus, if the woman originally stands two meters away then to maintain the same decibel level, she needs to stand 2 x 10 = 20 m away from the speaker. Standing 2 m away, the woman must move 18 m to reach a total final distance of 20 m (choice C is a clever trap).
affinity chromatography
In such a procedure, the stationary phase often includes antibodies or other specific molecules (as the solid phase)
Entropy
increases with more disorder
ex. entropy decrease with nonpolar substances in water becasue they form solvation layers, increases when things dissolve,
how to separate two enantiomers
enantiomers (non-superimposable mirror images) have virtually identical physical and chemical properties, the only way to separate them is to use substances which interact differently with one enantiomer than with the other. The typical way to accomplish this is with separation techniques in which chiral, asymmetrical substances are associated with the stationary phase
Amide vs Amine
Amine is just NH3 and Amide is NH3 bonded to a C=O
X and Y axis
the independent variable is plotted on the abscissa (x-axis) and the dependent variable is plotted on the ordinate (y-axis).
weightlessness
The feeling of weightlessness occurs when the normal force is minimal
Lewis Bases
electron pair donors, nucleophiles, have full octet and can give electrons
Sterilization
kill bacteria
Theoretical yield
moles of product with LR into grams
beta-minus decay
In beta-minus decay, a neutron is converted into a proton in the nucleus, and a β− particle (an electron) is ejected to maintain charge balance
plus one to atomic number
UV Spectrum
Gamma rays, X rays, UV, Visible, IR, microwaves, radio waves
Coenzymes
Vitamin B and C
Finding limiting reagent
find moles of all reactants and multiply by molar ration of products and lowest # is LR
paper chromatography
seperated based on size of the compounds via capillary action and visualized through color difference or UV light for colorless vi
Lipases
enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (lipids) separates the glycerol and fatty acids of triglycerols
Fluids formulas
understand the implication for relationships between different variables
P1 + ½ ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + ½ ρv22 + ρgh2
v1A1 = v2A2
Charge in electrolytic cells
Q=iT=nF
Longitudinal vs Transverse waves
Transverse waves (like electromagnetic waves, including visible light) can travel through a vacuum, but longitudinal waves cannot, as they require a compressible medium to propagate. Sound waves are the classic example of longitudinal waves.
Buoyancy
When an object floats in a fluid, that fluid exerts an upward force on the object known as the buoyant force. For an object to float, the magnitude of the buoyant force must exceed the weight of the object. The magnitude of the buoyant force can be expressed as
Fb = ρliquid Vliquid g.
Soluability of gases in liquid
Gases generally have greater solubility in cooler liquids. Also, the solubility of a gas increases as the partial pressure of the gas increases.
Bernoulli Equation
P + 1/2pv^2 + pgh. = same
continuity equation
ex in blood flow
va=va
ex. as vessel diameter decreases the velocity increases
ex. capillaries COLLECTIVELY have a much greater area the the vessals supplying them so the velocity decreases
Formula for flow rate
Q = pi r^4 chang in P / 8 density L
a narrower tube means…
higher velocity, lower pressure
