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Neuroscience > NS: Central Motor System > Flashcards

NS: Central Motor System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the UMN arise in?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Brainstem
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2
Q

What do the UMN synapse with?

A
  • LMN
  • Interneurons
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3
Q

What is activity adjusted by?

A
  • Basal Ganglia (9)
  • Cerebellum (10)
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4
Q

Name the 3 types of tracts that control mov’t

A
  • postural/gross mov’t
  • selective motor control
  • nonspecific
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5
Q

What are the muscles controlled in the Postural/gross mov’t tract?

A
  • antigravity muscles
  • groups of limb muscles
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6
Q

What are the muscles controlled in the selective motor control tract?

A

isolated contractions of individual muscles in limbs

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7
Q

What are the muscles controlled in the nonspecific tract?

A

facilitates all LMN

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8
Q

What does the UMN synapse with in the Postural/gross mov’t tract?
Where does the UMN synapse in the ventral horn?

A
  • LMN to multiple muscles
  • Medially
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9
Q

What does the UMN synapse with in the selective motor control tract?
Where does the UMN synapse in thee ventral horn?

A
  • LMN that innervate specific muscles
  • interneurons that inhibit LMN of unwanted muscles
  • Laterally
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10
Q

What does the UMN synapse with in the nonspecific tract?
Where does the UMN synapse in thee ventral horn?

A
  • background levels of excitation in cord
  • facilitate local reflex arcs
  • throughout
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11
Q

What column of the spinal cord does the medial UMN tract descend in?

A

Anterior column of the spinal cord
- Resticulospinal
- Medial & lateral vestibulospinal
- Medial corticospinal

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12
Q

Name the function of the Reticulospinal tract

Medial UMN tract (postural/gross mov’t)

A
  • Anticipatory mov’ts - bilateral activation
  • Muscle synergies

many locations - trunk, neck, proximal muscles of the limb

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13
Q

what are Muscle Synergies?

A
  • Activation of a group of muscles to achieve a specific task
  • Flexor or extensor synergies of the limb (modified by lateral corticospinal tract)
  • Coordinating trunk with proximal limb muscles during walking
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14
Q

Where does the medial & lateral vestibulospinal tracts synapse?

Medial UMN tract (postural/gross mov’t)

A

Medial: bilateral cervical & thoracic spinal cord
Lateral: Ipsilateral flexors & extensors

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15
Q

what are the movements elicited in the medial & lateral vestibulospinal tracts?

Medial UMN tract (postural/gross mov’t)

A

medial: neck and upper back muscles
laterea: facilitate extensors, inhibit flexors

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16
Q

what are the functions of the medial & lateral vestibulospinal tracts?

Medial UMN tract (postural/gross mov’t)

A

medial: coordinate head & eye mov’t
lateral: maintain posture & balance

17
Q

Where does the medial corticospinal tract originate?

Medial UMN tract (postural/gross mov’t)

A

Cerebral cortex

18
Q

which muscles are impacted in the medial corticospinal tract?

Medial UMN tract (postural/gross mov’t)

A

neck, shoulder, trunk muscles

19
Q

wha is the function of the medial corticospinal tract?

Medial UMN tract (postural/gross mov’t)

A

Voluntary muscle control
- the only medial tract that starts in the cortex and is responsible for voluntary control**

20
Q

why is the nonspecific tract known as the emotional motor system?

A

it tends to be active when theres intense emotions
e.g., mov’t is more conservative when standing at a high platform vs low platform (fear of falling)

21
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract synapse?

Lateral UMN tract (selective motor control)

A
  • LMN that innervate single muscle
  • interneurons that inhibit muscles
22
Q

what mov’ts are elicited in the lateral corticospinal tract?

Lateral UMN tract (selective motor control)

A
  • Wrist & hand extension
  • Ankle & toe dorsiflexion
  • Selective motor control throughout limbs
23
Q

What is unique about the Lateral corticospinal tract?

Lateral UMN tract (selective motor control)

A
  • It is the most important pathway for voluntary mov’t
  • after a stroke this tract cana predict how much mov’t will recover
  • The only tract that can control the most distal parts of our body**
  • e.g., provides precisee selective control of the hand & fingers
24
Q

True or False: All of the lateral corticospinal tract axons cross contralaterally

A

False - MOST do (80-90%) cross contrallaterally, 10% still descend ipsilaterally

25
Q

What are broadmann areas 4 and 6?

A

4 - primary motor cortex
6 - premotor cortex

26
Q

What is broadmann area 46? function?

A

Prefrontal - working memory, location of objects in space to guide mov’t

27
Q

describe the function of broadmann areas 5 & 7

A

posterior parietal - integration of multiple sensory modalities

28
Q

Describe the function of M1

A

the motor command to the muscles - signal/coding to move

29
Q

Describe the function of the lateral premotor cortex

A

creates motor plan for mov’ts in response to an external cue (monkey example -> lights were used)

30
Q

Describe the function of SMA

A

Creates a motor plan for mov’ts that are generated from memory (internal cue)

31
Q

What is the function of the lateral dorsal premotor area?

Division of lateral premotor area

A
  • planning/influence motoro control for learned association mov’ts
  • learned aassociations between arbitrary cues & motor response
32
Q

What is the funciton of the lateral ventral premotor area?

Division of Lateral Premotor area

A
  • Planning/influence motor control of hand movements for manipulation of objects
  • Planning movements guided by visual information about object properties
33
Q

in a study done on monkeys, what did they discover in the lateral ventral premotor area?

A

Mirror neurons - firing both when performing an action and observing another indivdiual performing that action

34
Q

what is the function of the Cingulate Motor area?

A

Suggested role in motor selection based on reward evaluation

35
Q

What are impairments associated with a lesion to M1 (UMN signs)

A

Paresis/weaknesses
Poor coordination
Moving in synergies
Substitution/compensation
Hypertonia/hyperflexion
Low fast twitch (type II) MU
Increased size of remaining MU

36
Q

what are the impairments associated with a lesion to premotor areas?

A
  • inability to respond to external stimuli
  • Apraxia
37
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to produce a familiar goal directed mov’t, but capacity to move is intact
- e.g., using the flipping motion of a spatula but in the wrong plane (video showed lady flipping it to her face)

VS ataxia –> they can carry out the mov’t but with little coordination
- e.g., flipping an egg with spatula with very shaky mov’ts

Neuroscience (7 decks)

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