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Sem 5 > NS 1: Structure of NS > Flashcards

NS 1: Structure of NS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

an inward reflection of the meningeal layer of the dura mater which separates the posterior cranial fossa from the rest of the cranial cavity, and separates the cerebrum above from the cerebellum (part of the metencephalon along with the pons, which is part of the hindbrain/rhombencephalon)
divides cavity into freely communicating spaces, secures brain in place and restricts brain displacement when head moved. also supports occipital lobes.

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2
Q

what does the forebrain (prosencephalon) comprise?

A

cerebrum and the diencephalon, the cerebrum also known as the telencephalon forming the cerebral hemispheres, and the diencephalon giving rise to the thalamus.

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3
Q

how is the distinction made between the CNS and the PNS?

A

at the pia mater, so PNS neurones are segments of CNS axons that cross the pia mater.

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4
Q

what does the midbrain (mesencephalon) comprise?

A

mesencephalon= secondary brain vesicle, midbrain= mature derivative

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5
Q

what does the hindbrain (rhombencephalon) comprise?

A

rhombencephalon= primary brain vesicle, secondary brain vesicles= metencephalon and myelencephalon, with the metencephalon forming the pons and cerebellum, and the myelencephalon forming the medulla oblongata.

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6
Q

what structure forms a midline partition between the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

the falx cerebri= an inward reflection of the meningeal layer of the dura mater. Runs sagitally in the midline.

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7
Q

To what part of the ethmoid bone does the falx cerebri attach to anteriorly?

A

the crista galli

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8
Q

What is an outward fold/elevation of the cerebrum known as?

A

a gyrus

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9
Q

What is an inward fold/depression of the cerebrum known as?

A

a sulcus

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10
Q

What is a major sulcus known as?

A

a fissure

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11
Q

Name the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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12
Q

what is the difference between the relationships of the pia and arachnoid mater to the sulci?

A

the pia mater extends into the sulci, which the arachnoid doesn’t do. the arachnoid bridges over from 1 gyrus to the next.

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13
Q

importance of subarachnoid space?

A

contains blood vessels and CSF, actual space rather than potential space ( like the extradural space and the subdural space)

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14
Q

how is the 3rd ventricle connected with the 4th?

A

via the aqeduct

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15
Q

how are the 2 cerebral hemispheres connected?

A

via the corpus callosum

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16
Q

which lobe lies above the tentorium cerebelli?

A

occipital

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17
Q

what cavity does each cerebral hemisphere contain that contains CSF?

A

the lateral ventricle

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18
Q

function of astrocytes?

A

buffer K+ conc in EC space of brain
help maintain tight junctions of capillaries forming BB barrier
assist in metabolite and waste movements
can confine and remove neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft

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19
Q

function of microglia?

A

phagocytic, immune and inflammatory functions

mediate neuroimmune reactions

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20
Q

function of ependymal cells?

A

form epithelial-like lining of brain ventricles and spinal canal, and secrete CSF

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21
Q

which brain cells secrete CSF?

A

ependymal cells

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22
Q

name of cells providing physical support of peripheral neurones?

A

satellite cells

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23
Q

list 3 ways in which the CNS is isolated from harm?

A

blood brain barrier
meninges
skull + VC

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24
Q

difference between coverings in CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: meninges
PNS: endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium
endo= LCT surrounding each individual nerve fibre
peri= CT surround each fascicle of nerve fibres
epi= dense irregular CT binding nerve fascicles int a common bundle, and hence surrounds a peripheral nerve
PNS DEPENDENT ON CNS!

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25
Q

what are the outcomes of stroke damage in the parietal cortex of the L and R brains?

A

Right brain losses tend to be more severe, L side- tend to recover.

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26
Q

why does the SC enlarge in the cervical and lumbar regions?

A

neurones providing innvervation to the U and L limbs

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27
Q

name given to ending of SC in a taper?

A

conus medullaris

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28
Q

how does CSF flow freely between the brain and SC?

A

via the central canal

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29
Q

what is the cauda equina and how is it formed?

A

the bundle of spinal nerves from the 2nd lumbar to the coccygeal. Formed as result of spinal nerve elongation when during development, trunk development results in VC growing faster than spinal nerves.

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30
Q

components of conus medullaris?

A

denticulate ligaments and filum terminale

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31
Q

2 important glial cells in PNS?

A

schwann cells- produce myeline sheath

and satellite cells

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32
Q

how is the cranial base divisible into 3 parts?

A

anterior: from alveolar arches of maxilla to posterior edge of hard palate
middle: posterior edge of hard palate to anterior edge of foramen magnum
posterior: behind middle part

33
Q

bones contributing to anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal and lesser wing of sphenoid

34
Q

bones contributing to middle cranial fossa?

A

greater wing and body of sphenoid, temporal

35
Q

bones contributing to posterior cranial fossa?

A

temporal and occipital bones

36
Q

how is the brain tethered to avoid movement?

A

by the meninges- reflections of these divide the central compartment into sub compartments

37
Q

how are the brain’s emergent properties formed?

A

neurones synapse to form neural circuits which create neuronal networks= different behaviour to individual neurones
allow production of consciousness, sensory awareness, thought processes and sensory attention

38
Q

what 3 subdivisions can the cerebral cortex be divided into?

A

the archicortex, paleocortex and neocortex
involved in olfaction, involved in memory formation.
neo- no capacity to regenerate

39
Q

along with the corpus callosum, what else allows connection between the cerebral hemispheres?

A

the anterior and posterior commissures

40
Q

What happens if the corpus callosum in non functional?

A

split brain syndromes

41
Q

the 5 secondary vesicles of the brain?

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
42
Q

functions of CSF?

A

bathes brain, and cushions it from mechanical agitation
reservoir for metabolic substrate
dissolves and carries away products of metabolism from brain

43
Q

what in the SC can be used for CSF tapping?

A

CSF cisterns- openings in the subarachnoid space created by separation of arachnoid and pia mater.

44
Q

what name is given to the gap in the falx cerebri anteriorly which allows passage of the midbrain?

A

tentorial incisure

45
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli divide the cranial cavity into?

A

supra- and infra-tentorial compartments

falx cerebri divides supra into L and R halves

46
Q

role of neuroglia?

A

supporting cells, create a suitable environment for the functioning of neurones

47
Q

where is an obstruction to CSF flow most likely to occur causing hydrocephalus?

A

in the cerebral aqueduct between the 3rd and 4th ventricles OR in an interventricular foramen

48
Q

how does CSF exit the sub-arachnoid space to enter the blood?

A

via arachnoid granulations- small protrusions of arachnoid into the dura mater which protrude into the venous sinuses.

49
Q

what are the superior and inferior colliculi part of?

A

the midbrain (mesencephalon)

50
Q

what produces the longitudinal striations visible in the pons and medulla?

A

bundles of long ascending and descending fibres passing through brainstem

51
Q

what does grey matter constitute in sub-cortical structures of the brain?

A

nuclei

52
Q

where is the lumbar cistern?

A

from the caudal end of the SC (caudal part of L1 vertebra) to the 2nd sacral vertebra.

53
Q

what are ascending tracts within the white matter?

A

sensory

54
Q

what are descending tracts within the white matter?

A

motor, control movement

55
Q

what does the falx cerebri sit within?

A

the longitudinal fissure

56
Q

what does each cerebral hemisphere comprise?

A

4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

57
Q

what does the central sulcus separate?

A

the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes

58
Q

what lies above and below the lateral sulcus?

A 
above= frontal and parietal lobes
below= temporal lobes
59
Q

how are the occipital lobes separated from the parietal and temporal lobes?

A

by the parieto-occipital sulcus

60
Q

which cranial nerves are assoc with the midbrain?

A

oculomotor and trochlear

61
Q

which cranial nerves are assoc with the pons?

A

trigeminal

62
Q

which cranial nerves are assoc with the junction of the pons and medulla?

A

abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear

63
Q

where does the cerebellum lie anatomically?

A

posterior to pons and medulla, and inferior to posterior part of cerebrum, beneath tentorium cerebelli in poster cranial fossa.

64
Q

what does the cerebellum comprise?

A

2 lateral hemispheres united by a narrow middle part= the vermis

65
Q

how do the lateral ventricles open into the 3rd ventricle?

A

via an interventricular foramen

66
Q

what is the filum terminale?

A

a remnant of the caudal part of the spinal cord of the embryo and descends amongst the cauda equina. It is a thin filament enclosed in pia and consisting of ependymal cells, glial cells and astrocytes. Surrounded by coccygeal ligament which attaches to the dorsum of the coccyx, acting to anchor the inferior end of the spinal cord and spinal meninges.

67
Q

what exactly are denticulate ligaments?

A

triangular sheets of pia mater that project away from the SC between the pairs of nerve roots, and extend to the dura.

68
Q

how does the subarachnoid space end inferiorly in the SC?

A

as the dural sac at vertebral level S2.

69
Q

what does the epidural space contain?

A

fat and veins

70
Q

define funiculus

A

a bundle containing 1 or more tracts in the white matter

71
Q

which spinal nerve is the dorsal root absent from?

A

1st cervical and coccygeal

72
Q

define fasciucli

A

ascending and descending bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the white matter of the SC

73
Q

examples of basal ganglia (a number of functionally related sub-cortical ganglia)?

A 
caudate nucleus
globus pallidus (medially) and the putamen ( both part of lentiform nucleus)
74
Q

once the optic nerve becomes the optic tract having passed through the optic chiasm, where does it then pass to in order for visual stimuli to be interpreted?

A

the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

75
Q

what is the falx cerebelli?

A

an inward reflection of the meningeal layer of the dura mater which separates the falx cerebri from the tentorium cerebelli, and separates the cerebellar hemispheres.

76
Q

where does the free edge of the falx cerebri end?

A

just above the corpus callosum- allows communication between the 2 cerebral hemispheres

77
Q

what does the falx cerebri enclose superiorly?

A

the superior sagittal sinus

78
Q

what does the pia mater support?

A

the vessels reaching the brain (and SC)

Sem 5 (35 decks)

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