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NRSG 366 Flashcards

1
Q

Global and Australian chronic diseases

A

Global: CVD
Australian: Ischaemic heart disease (lack of blood supply to heart)

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2
Q

Australian national health priorities (top 4/10)

A
  1. Cancer
  2. CVD/Stroke
  3. Diabetes
  4. Mental health
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3
Q

Principles of consumer-centred care

A 
CLIENT IS CENTRE OF CARE
RECOGNISE INDIVIDUAL
SELF-MANAGEMENT
Client needs in circumstances
Evidence-based information
Client goals
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4
Q

What is diabetes

A

Metabolic disorder
T1 - No insulin
T2 - Minimal insulin/insulin resistance

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5
Q

BGL marker (glycosylated haemoglobin)

A

HbA1c

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6
Q

Stolen generation on indigenous statistic

A

Up to 1in3 - 1in10 Aboriginal children were forcibly removed from their families

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7
Q

Impact of stolen generation

A

Higher levels of:

  • suicide
  • drug consumption
  • Morbidity/mortality
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8
Q

Close the Gap Goal

A

Close health expectancy gap between indigenous and non-indigenous

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9
Q

3 Approaches in community care

A
  1. Authoritarian approach (expert)
  2. Paternalistic approach (consults)
  3. Partnership approach (decision making)
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10
Q

Define health promotion

A

Process of enabling individuals to increase control over their health

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11
Q

Define POLYuria, OLIGuria, ANuria

A

Polyuria - LARGE volumes > 2.5L/day
Oliguria - SMALL <400mLs/day
Anuria - <100mLs/day

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12
Q

3 Functions of Kidneys

A

Eliminate toxins/water
Regulate blood pH
Produce hormones (erythropoietin - produces RBC’s)

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13
Q

Stages of kidney disease (5)

A 
1 - GFR 90
2 - 60-90
3 - 30
4 - 15
5 - <15
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14
Q

Define cerebral infarct

A

Brain damage

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15
Q

Define Stigma

A

Negative discrimination/exclusion

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16
Q

Four-type model of adjustment

A
  1. Accommodation - make goals
  2. Secondary gain - compensate with rewards
  3. Active denial
  4. Resignation
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17
Q

Community health ‘models of care’

A
  • Biomedical
  • Bio-pyschosocial
  • Social
  • Community:
    1. Primary
    2. Secondary
    3. Tertiary
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18
Q

Types of community care

A

Primary: Health promotion
Secondary: After disease is present
Tertiary: Rehabilitation

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19
Q

Pathophysiology of MS

A

Chronic autoimmune disorder causing inflammation and de-myelination of CNS
Damage = impaired motor, sensory, cognitive functions

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20
Q

Myelinated vs non-myelinated nerve

A

M: Faster 120m/s

N-M: 3m/s

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21
Q

Immune cells in MS

A

T cells become sensitised>activated>create damaging chronic inflammation

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22
Q

Types of MS

A

Relapsing-remitting (acute, full or partial recovery)
Relapsing-progressive (Function does not return)
Primary progressive
Secondary progressive

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23
Q

Treatment options for MS

A

Immunomodulators (regulates immune system)
Steroids
Anti-inflammatories/Fingolimod

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24
Q

Types of contacts for patients

A

POA: Assets
Guardian: Health decisions when incapable
Emergency contact: First call of contact in emergency

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25
Pathophysiology of pain
Nociceptive impulse > form of stimuli > nerve transmission
26
Categories of pain
Nociceptive: Acute, resolves Somatic: Bones, muscles, joints Visceral: Organs
27
Define chronic pain
Pain persisting > 3 months
28
Define hypoesthesia
Reduced sensation
29
Hyperalgesia/Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to pain
30
Define resilience
Adjustment to adversity
31
Types of renal failure
1. Acute kidney injury (AKI) | 2. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
32
Define Acute kidney injury (AKI)
Rapid progressive loss of kidney function. Can be reversible | Cause: Temporary blood flow restriction, physical injury, overload of toxins/waste
33
Types of Acute kidney injury (AKI)
Pre- arteries Intra- kidneys Post- ureters, bladder, prostate gland
34
Define Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Slow progressive irreversible decline in kidney function
35
Main causes of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
1. Diabetes 2. Glomerulonephritis 3. Uncontrolled chronic HTN
36
Peritoneal dialysis
Tenckhoff catheter | Peritoneum acts as filtering membrane to allow osmosis and diffusion
37
Define osmosis and diffusion in peritoneal dialysis
Osmosis: Moves excess water from blood stream to dialysate Diffusion: Moves waste products from blood to dialysate
38
Define dialysate
High concentration of glucose that easily dissolves waste products
39
How often is a peritoneal dialysis bag changed
Up to 4x a day
40
What are B-islet/Beta cells
Produce insulin in the pancreas | In diabetes there is a failure of pancreatic cells to respond to insulin
41
Some causes of diabetes
1. Beta/B-islet cell dysfunction | 2. Hepatic gluconeogenesis disorder
42
Define Hepatic gluconeogenesis
Synthesis of glucose from non-carbs
43
Diabetes and kidney failure
The nephrons in the kidney excrete high BGL's. Overtime high BGL's cause damage to the nephrons
44
Medication Ramipril
ACE inhibitor for HTN and reduce fluid overload
45
Medication Nifedipine
Calcium channel blocker for HTN and reduce fluid overload
46
Medication Caltrate
Regulates phosphate and calcium levels - because kidneys are unable to do so
47
Medication Darbepoetin Alpha
Man made hormone: Erythropoietin Usually produced by kidneys Produces RBC's
48
Define Azotemia
Elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels due to kidney failure
49
Types of Psychosocial issues
Autonomy, control
50
Define stroke
Disruption of blood supply to brain/vascular occlusion
51
Types of strokes
Ischaemic: Embolic, thrombotic Haemorrhage: Subarachnoid, intracerebral TIA's (resolves within <24hrs)
52
Purpose of Virchow's triad
Predisopsing factors of thrombus formation 1. Stasis 2. Hypercoagulability 3. Wall damage
53
Types of haemorrhagic stroke
Subarachnoid | Intracerebal
54
Signs/symptoms of a stroke
``` FAST Face Arms Speech Time ```
55
Treatments for stroke
``` Ischaemic: - Thrombolysis - Antithrombotic therapy - Stenting Haemorrhagic: - Anticoagulants AND decrease BP ```
56
Types of dialysis for renal failure
Acute: Haemodialysis | Chronic Peritoneal dialysis
57
Waste products removed by kidneys
``` Potassium Sodium Water Creatinine Urea ```
58
Beta agonist vs blocker
Agonist: Smooth muscle relaxant Blocker: Vessel vasodilator
59
Propanolol
Beta blocker for HTN, arrhythmias
60
Isosorbide dinitrate
Nitrates = Vasodilator for heart failure
61
Warfarin
Anticoagulant prevents stroke in AF, thrombosis
62
Digoxin
Cardiac glycoside (affects ION channel pumps causing slow forceful contractions of heart) for heart failure, AF
63
Symbicort Indacaterol Salbutamol
Beta agonist (smooth muscle relaxant and specifically bronchodilator) for COPD, asthma etc

4-SEM1 (2 decks)

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