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NRSG 353 Flashcards

1
Q

Define drug

A

Substance other than food which changes the way the body/mind functions

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug

  • Absorption
  • Distribution
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3
Q

Where are drugs primarily metabolised

A

Liver

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4
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body

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5
Q

SNS VS PSNS (Para)

A 
SNS = Fight/flight
PSNS = Rest/digest
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6
Q

SNS/PSNS control

A

Blood vessels
Bronchioles
Heart
Pupils

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7
Q

ANS effector cells

A

CHOLINoceptors –> mimic acetylCHOLINe (relaxation)

ADRENoceptors –> mimic ADRENaline, norADRENaline (stress)- There are 3 types

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8
Q

ADRENorecptor drugs location

A

a1 vessels
B1 heart
B2 bronchi

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9
Q

Inflammation process

A

Injury - inflammation - pain perception

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10
Q

Inflammation release of

A

Histamine (permeability)
Bradykin (pain/vasodilation)
Prostaglandin (vasodilation)

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11
Q

How NSAID’s work

A

Cyco-oxygenase inhibitors, prevent release of prostaglandin which enhances action of other inflammation mediatiors eg. Bradykin

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12
Q

Noiception 4 phases (pain)

A
  1. Transduction (damage)
  2. Transmission (of pain)
  3. Perception
  4. Modulation (suppresses/facilitates pain)
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13
Q

Goblet cell

A

Found in resp and intestinal tracts. secretes mucus

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14
Q

Pneumocytes

A

Alveolar cells
Type 1: Gas exchange
Type 2: Secretion of surfactants to reduce surface tension

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15
Q

Role of medulla and pons

A

Regulate respiration

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16
Q

Factors affecting ventilation

A

Elastic recoil - assist with expiration
Surface tension - expiration
Surfactants - lower ST to allow inspiration

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17
Q

Respiratory function tests

A

Spirometry

Total lung capacity - total amount of air after taking largest breath

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18
Q

Define COPD

A 
Lung disease that limit airflow.
Include: 
- Emphysema
- Bronchitis
- Asthma
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19
Q

COPD Pathophysiology

A

Inflammatory response > goblet cell hyperplasia > symptoms eg. hyperventillation

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20
Q

Cor Pulmonare define

A

Pulmonary heart disease. Right ventricular enlargement and failure

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21
Q

Asthma pathophysiology

A
  1. Antigen/trigger
  2. Mast cells degranulate releasing mediators
  3. Mediators cause inflammation, mucus and bronchoconstriction
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22
Q

Respiratory cell receptors

A 
a1 = vessels
A2 = nerves
B1 = heart
B2 = bronchi
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23
Q

Relievers vs Preventers

A

Relievers: Anti-muscarinics & Bronchodilators eg. SABA, B2 inhibitors
Preventers: Anti-inflammatory eg. steroids

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24
Q

Define atelectasis

A

Alveoli collapse

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25
Define pleura effusion
Fluid in pleural space
26
Underwater seal drain
``` Swinging = respirations Bubbling = suction ```
27
pH and hydrogen ion concentration
Inverse relationship
28
pH define
Measurement of free hydrogen ions
29
Low pH vs high pH
Low pH = High H+ = acidosis | High pH = Low H+ = alkalosis
30
Define buffer
Substance that combines with hydrogen and removes it
31
Types of acids
Volatile - leaves solution, quick, eliminated in lungs with CO2 Fixed - stays in solution, slow, eliminated in kidneys, CO2 stays
32
Acid vs Base
A: High H+ B: Low H+
33
ABG define
Arterial blood gas
34
Normal range of ABG
ACID...BASE pH 7.35-7.45 paCO2 (resp) 45-35 HCO3 (met) 22-26
35
Kidney functions
- Filter blood - Regulate blood pH - Regulate blood pressure/volume - Produce hormones
36
Body fluid balance
``` Intake = 60% beverages Output = 60% urine ```
37
Electrolyte charges
``` Anion = - charged Cation = + charged ```
38
Role of electrolytes
Ca+ Bone, muscle contraction Na+ blood volume K+ Cardiac rhythm, RMP
39
RMP define
Resting membrane potential
40
Hypo vs hyper volemia
Hypo - fluid depletion | Hyper - fluid overload
41
Renal function tests
eGFR | Serum creatinine levels
42
AKI types
Pre - arteries Intra - kidneys Post - ureters, bladder, prostate gland
43
Pathophysiology of AKI and CKD
``` AKI = Damage to nephrons CKD = Damage to glomerulus ```
44
Define gland
Structure that makes/secretes hormones
45
Insulin vs glucagon
Beta/B-islet cells produce insulin | Alpha cells produce glucagon
46
-ase define
Break down of...
47
Define AGE (Advanced glycosylated end)
AGE products are harmful compounds formed when protein/fat combines with sugar in blood stream
48
Action potential steps
1. Depolarisation - Na+ inflow 2. Plateau - Ca inflow, K outflow 3. Repolarisation - K+ outflow
49
PQRST
``` P - Atrial DEpolarisation Q R - Ventricular - DEpolarisation/ Atrial REpolarisation S T - Ventricular REpolarisation ```
50
Cardiac output =
Stroke volume x HR
51
Ventricular fibrillation diagnosis
No P wave
52
Preload vs Afterload
P: Stretching of cardiac cells = ventricular filling A: Force used to contract
53
Define congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
Term used to describe myocardial dysfunction
54
Pathophysiology of CCF
Impairment in structure/function which reduces ability of heart to contract/refill
55
COPD Emphysema vs Bronchitis
E: Loss of alveoli - alvoli los elastic recoil 'elastate' B: Abnormal inflammation - hypetrophy of goblet cell
56
Renal failure clinical manifestations
- AGE products - Na and H20 retention = oedema/hypertension - Risk of anaemia - kidneys unable to produce erythropoietin - Risk of bone breakage - kidneys unable to produce calcitriol
57
Define Calcitriol
Produced by kidneys. Form of Vitamin D that helps with calcium uptake
58
define angina
Reduced blood glow to coronary arteries = chest pain (can lead to MI)
59
Types of angina
Stable - relieved with activity Unstable - can lead to MI STEMI - prolonged full blockage NSTEMI - partial temporary blockage (less infarct to heart)
60
Define infarct
Tissue death
61
Use of morphine in angina
Vasodilation > decreased cardiac workload
62
Define MI
Blockage of coronary artery

4-SEM1 (2 decks)

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