NP1 cardiac Flashcards
What are the primary factors responsible for Blood Pressure?
- Blood Volume
- Fluid loss
- Dehydration
- Fluid retention
- Aldosterone
- ADH
- Peripheral Resistance
- Sympathetic nervous system activity
- Renin/angiotensin II
- Increased blood viscosity
- Cardiac Output
What are the signs/symptoms that may indicate high blood pressure or target organ damage?
- Chest pain
- Headache
- Shortness of breath
- Speech problems
- Epistaxis
- Nocturia
- Dizziness
What are the common symptoms of a Hypertensive Crisis?
- Severe headache
- Extremely high blood pressure
- Dizzy and blurred vision
- Shortness of breath
- Epistaxis
- Severe anxiety
What are the clinical manifestations of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)?
- Intermittent claudication
- Rest pain
- Loss of hair on lower calf, ankle, and foot
- Dry, scaly, dusky, pale, or mottled skin
- Thick toenails
- Pallor when extremity is elevated
- Rubor when extremity is lowered
- Muscle atrophy
What is the most sensitive indicator in the assessment of PAD?
Posterior tibial pulse
What is Virchow’s triad related to Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)?
- Stasis of blood
- Vessel wall injury
- Altered blood coagulation
What are the signs/symptoms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency?
- Edema
- Altered pigmentation
- Pain
- Stasis dermatitis
What are common interventions for managing VTE?
- Measure the circumference of the leg
- Rest
- Anticoagulant therapy
- Warm, moist soaks
- Elevate legs when sitting
- Compression therapy
What are the signs of Acute Peripheral Arterial Occlusion?
- Pain
- Pallor
- Pulselessness
- Paresthesia
- Paralysis
- Poikilothermy
What are common side effects of statins used in treating Atherosclerosis?
- Muscle cramping
- Elevated liver enzymes
What is Valvular Heart Disease?
A condition involving damage to one or more of the heart valves.
What causes Mitral Stenosis?
Most commonly caused by rheumatic fever.
What are the pathophysiological changes in Mitral Stenosis?
Valve thickening by fibrosis and calcification; leaflets fuse, stiffen, and opening narrows.
What are the common complications of Mitral Stenosis?
- Pulmonary congestion
- Right-sided heart failure (HF)
- Decreased cardiac output (CO)
What are the signs and symptoms of Mitral Stenosis?
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
- Orthopnea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
- Hemoptysis
- Hepatomegaly
- Neck vein distention
- Pitting edema
- Atrial fibrillation (AF)
- Fumbling, apical diastolic murmur
What is the pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Prolapse?
Valvular leaflet enlargement with prolapse into the atrium during systole.
What are the complications associated with Mitral Valve Prolapse?
- Syncope
- Exercise intolerance
- Atrial or Ventricular dysrhythmias
What is the most common valve disorder?
Aortic Stenosis.
What are the complications of Aortic Stenosis?
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Cardiac output becomes fixed
- Left ventricular failure (LVF)
- Pulmonary congestion
- Right-sided failure
What are the signs and symptoms of Aortic Stenosis?
- Dyspnea on exertion
- Angina
- Syncope on exertion
- Fatigue
- Orthopnea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
- Harsh systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur
What is the purpose of valvuloplasty?
Repair of the valve, not replacement.
What is Infective Endocarditis?
Microbial infection of the endothelial surface of the heart.
What are the risk factors for Infective Endocarditis?
- IV drug users
- Hemodialysis
- Systemic infection
- Dental procedures
- Body piercings
What are the signs and symptoms of Infective Endocarditis?
- Recurrent fever of unknown origin
- Heart murmur
- Petechiae
- Splinter hemorrhages
- Osler’s nodes
- Janeway’s lesions
- Malaise
- Anorexia
- Weight loss
- Cough
- Joint pain
