NP Flashcards
which are the three component of the Noun phrases
the head: around which the other components cluster and which dictates concord and other kinds of congruence
the premodification:items placed before the head
the post modification:items placed after the head
RESTRICTIVE modification
: the head can be viewed as a member of a class which can be linguistically identified only through the modification that has been supplied.
NON-RESTRICTIVE MODIFICATION
the head can be viewed as unique or as a member of a class that has been independently identified,any modification given to such a head is additional information which is not essential for identifying the head
Permanent modification
items placed in premodification are given the status of permanent
temporary reference
those adjectives which cannot premodify have a notably temporary reference
Reason for preferring the of phrase to the s genitive?
to avoid discontinuity
Group genitive enables to
postpose s inflection and avoid sequential of phrases.
a special type of multiple modification that requires careful ordering occurs when
The modifying clause becomes itself embedded in a clause
When a relative pronoun is subject
the conjunction THAT must be omitted
it is “the smiles of delight on all the faces that he liked” ambiguous?
was it the smiles or the faces that he liked?
two or more noun phrases are in apposition when
they have identity of reference
The appositives may be
juxtaposed ,separated without formal expression of their relationship , indicated by a conjunction or by forms such a THAT IS and NAMELY
apposition may be expressed by
that clauses ,by non finite clauses and by prepositional phrases.Also by my friend Anna the year 2000 . Titles and designations are restrictive apposition.
Appositives need not be noun phrases
References to words,book “ the word geese”
Postmodification by Prepositional Phrase
it is the commonest type of post. Including the complex prepositions and including those having participial form.
it is natural to relate such prepositional postmodification to
sentences or relative clauses with be
the man in the corner-The man is in the corner
Stative verbs which cannot have the progressive in the finite verb phrase can appear in
Participial form.
he is talking to a girl resembling Joan
in -ing participle clauses, the antecedent head corresponds to …
the implicit subject of the non finite verb clause
There is no nonfinite postmodifier corresponding directly to the relative clause in
the obituary that the man is writing will be published tomorrow. instead, (the obituary being written by )
the train which has arrived at platform one is from york
*the train arrived at platform one is from york
with intransitive verbs, there is no ed postmodifier corresponding exactly to a relative clause
in infinitive clauses the subject of a infinitive clause need not to
be the antecedent .It may be separately introduced by the for device or entirely covert.
meaning of the man to consult is Wilson
the man that YOU/HE should consult, or that everyone should consult.
The loose non-restrictive relationship is often semantically indistinguishable from
coordination or adverbial subordination.
types of premodification
adjective,participle,s genitive,noun ,adverbial,sentence
i dont know how many people ambiguity
having a sentence as premodifier or as being an object
his cottage which is so beautiful
his so beautiful cottage
some intensifiers are avoided with premodifying adjectives.
a cottage which is so beautiful- such a beautiful cottage
with indefinite determiners, so would be replaced by such
so beautiful a cottage
so plus adjective would be placed before the determiner
the not very pleasant/unpleasant dinner
there is resistance to transferring clause negation to a structure of premodification . This is possible only in limited circumstances
not plus intensifier or negative affix
premodification by ing participles
depends on the potentiality of the participle to indicate a permanent or characteristic feature
He greeted me with a reassuring expression
Concerned with the contextual meaning .The man himself cannot have shock or surprise attributed permanently to him ,but a particular look can be permanently associated with such a value..
*who is the wandering man?
a wandering minstrel is one habitually given to wandering
Definite and indefinite article IN ING PARTICIPLE
Df: specific and temporal Ind: habitual permanent
A proposal offending many member- the offending proposal
After an indefinite head has been potmodified by an ing clause, the ing participle can premodify the same head plus an article.
The beginning student should be given every encouragement
the definite article may evoke the same generality and permanence as the indefinite.
The immigrant who has arrived * the arrived immigrant
the active ed participle is rarely used in premodification
exceptions: the vanished treasure, the retired immigrant
when the active participle is adverbially modified: the newly arrived immigrant
is LOST PURSE gramatical correct?
It is correct because although after it has been retrieved is no longer regarded as lost ,the purse is regarded as lost through the period of disappearance.
is LOST PURSE grammatical correct?
It is correct because although after it has been retrieved is no longer regarded as lost ,the purse is regarded as lost through the period of disappearance.
the vaulted roof,the flauted pillar a wooded hillside are participle?
they are directly formed from nouns
*a powered engine * a haired child * legged man
expresses semantic redundancy
Ambiguity in A FISHERMAN´S COTTAGE
1-the cottage belongs to a fisherman or belonged to a fisherman (or resembles the house of a fisherman)
These French women’s clothing
these women´s french clothing
this French women´s clothing
the clothing of these French women
the French clothing of these women
French clothing belonging to women
an old’s man bicycle is ambiguous?
1-the bicycle belongs to an old man or the old bicycle is designed for man
The leg of the trousers-the trouser leg
Plural nouns become singular, even those that otherwise have no singular form.
The girl in the corner - the corner girl
The relative impermanence of the modification
Multiple premodification
with single head, multiple head, with modifier modified
His last brilliant book, his brilliant last book
single head.1. of several brilliant books, we’re speaking only of his last one. 2- his last book was brilliant, without commitment to whether any of the others were.
His handsome but scarred face
When coordinated modifiers relate to properties that are normally thought to conflict, the coordinator will probably not be and.
The house property tax office furniture
multiple premodification.Modified modifier .
the Noun premodifier can be itself premodified by either an adjective or noun,if the latter this can in turn be similarly premodified.
Order of adjectives in English
Determiner -General-age-colour-participle-provenance-noun-denominal-head
what happens when two nouns premodify ?
the one which corresponds to head as object to verb will follow one relating to material or agency. The cigarette gas lighter- a cardboard detergent carton
Youll meet a man TOMORROW carrying a heavy parcel
Discontinuous modification-t is not uncommon for a NP to be interrupted by other items of clause structure
