November/December 2017 Flashcards
1
Q
Political Party
A
- a formal organization of politically-minded citizens act run candidates in election sunder a common label in an attempt to win governmetn and shape public policy and laws
2
Q
Elite political party
A
- close,d upper class, organizing votes within the legislature
3
Q
Mass political party
A
- grassroots, reached out broader society, ideology
4
Q
Catch all political party
A
- competitive, prioritizes the design of effect public policy and election strategies (most of the current parties)
5
Q
Brokerage political party
A
- Canadian term for a regional catch all party - contain and address competing demands of different parts of the country
6
Q
Left wing
A
- highest taxes, bigger role for government, social equality
7
Q
Right wing
A
- lower taxes reliance on private sector, personal responsibility
8
Q
Centrist
A
- middle ground, Canada’s natural governing party?
9
Q
Star candidates
A
- high profile
- represent party publically
10
Q
Party Insiders
A
- spend career in party
11
Q
Local leaders
A
- well known in electoral district
12
Q
Stopgap candidates
A
- used to run a full slate of candidates
13
Q
The extra parliamentary wing
A
- party members formally applied into a party and paid membership fees
14
Q
Electoral district association
A
- party organization within a constitution
15
Q
National Party Convention
A
- elects party leader, votes on policies and establishes rules for candidates and members
16
Q
Parliamentary WIng
A
- caucus consists of members of the party who holds a seat in the legislature
17
Q
Official party status
A
- requires party to have minimum number of seats in teh legislature
18
Q
Electoral formula
A
- how votes are translated into seats
19
Q
Single-member plurality (SMP)
A
- electoral system whereby winner of a district needs just one vote more than the number amassed by the runner - up
20
Q
Proportional representation (PR)
A
- electoral systems designed so that number of party representatives elected is proportionate to party’s share of the vote
21
Q
Mixed-member proportional system (MMP)
A
- electoral system that combines geographic and partisan representation by providing extra seats to parties whose share of seats is lower than their share of the popular vote
22
Q
Campaign Finance
A
- the direct cost to administer the voting process amount to over $200 million per campaign. Not including the ones spent by parties
23
Q
Political contributions
A
- donations to a political candidate or group
24
Q
Government subsidies
A
- traditionally came in three main forms: election spending rebates, tax credits, annual direct public funding
25
Canada is a vertical mosaic
- some groups are privileged or are higher in status than others, with the tapestry of Canadian multiculturalism
26
Symbolic representation
- political attachment to someone or something that is seen to epitomize what it means
27
Descriptive representation
- political attachment to someone viewed as sharing one's background or social profile
28
Substantive representation
- political attachment to someone in a position to defend or promote one's own interests
29
Formalistic representation
- political attachment to someone by virtue of that person's status as a legitimately elected official
30
Democratic deficit
- a belief that political institutions fail to live up to the democratic standards and expectations of its citizens
31
Candidate quotas
- minimum requirements for members marginalized groups in candidate pool
32
Employment equity
- federal government policy requiring civil service managers to proactively consider employing members of the four traditionally underrepresented groups
33
Pay equity
- policy designed to eliminate gender-based discrimination in terms of how federally regulated employees are paid
34
Political Communication
- a selection of information that is framed in a certain way
35
mediated democracy
- media acts as a intermediary between the public and their political leaders, rather than people obtaining information for themselves directly
36
two way process
- frames discussions and reflects the public concerns
37
two types of political media
- mainstream/traditional
| - digital/new
38
main stream media
- newspaper, radio and television outlets
39
party press
- early newspapers that relied heavily on government advertising
40
national newspapers
- as literacy rates increased, demand grew for mass distribution of non-partisan news
41
radio
- emerged alongside populist, demand grew for radio, western-protest parties
42
television
- ushered in the era of political image
43
press gallery
- each legislature has a press gallery comprised of accredited journalists who are assigned to cover government and legislative proceedings - granted special access to interact with public officials
44
fourth estate
- informal term for the media, implies that a free press is so vial to democracy that it is on par with the three branches of government
45
a policy window opens when three streams come together
- problem/issue stream
- policy
- political
46
Unintentional framing
- ideological biases that are unrecognized by a political actor, but have an important impact on how they view issues and communicate with others
47
Intentional framing
- skilled political communicators simplifying and making sense of complex matters and promoting that perspective to support their position
48
Infotainment
- ]political news and information delivered in an entertaining manner
49
Permanent campgain
- electioneering outside of an election period, especially by leveraging government resources
50
Propoganda
- one sided persuasive communication that communicates falsehoods by virtue of its selective exclusion of truths
51
newspeak
- a controlled language designed to limit freedom of thougha nd expression
52
doublespeak
- language that "sanitizes" or makes truth more palatable
53
comparative advertising
- contrasts the strengths of a party or candidate against the weakness of an opponent
54
political advertising
- promotes uplifting messages
55
negative political advertising
- denigrates an opponent and his or her poitics
56
attack advertising
- belittles someones personal life or physical characteristics rather than the persons poitics
57
interest groups
- a political organization that seeks to influence public policy without competing for election
58
institutionalized interest groups
- headed by political elites who have advanced the same core arguments for years
59
issue orientated interest groups
- loosely organized political organizations that focus on a core issue
60
lobbyist
- a lobbyist is a professional who is paid to provide strategic advise to clients and to provide access to decision makers in government
61
social movement
- a shared mindset among people seeking to change the public's view and behavior about an issue
62
collective action problem/free riders
- the notion that people whose interests are promoted by a group will benefit from its interest whether to not they actively participate
63
slaktivisim
- actions taken by individuals to appear part of a social movement, but which have no direct impact on the fulfillment of its objectives
64
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP)
- an investigation launched to study the relationship between aboriginal and non-aboriginal people in Canada in 1996
65
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 2016
- examined the impact of the residential school system
66
Treaty federation
- system of governance recognizing the equal-order relationship between First Nations and the crown
67
Third order of government
- constitutionally recognized status for First Nations people, on par with the federal and provincial orders
68
citizens plus
- notion that aboriginal people ought to hold a special set of rights in addition to that conferred by Canadian citizenship
69
pubic policy
- plan or course of action chosen by a government to respond to an identified problem
70
policy instruemnts
- the tools used by government to meet their objectives - public education, financial incentives, guidelines or standards, and sanctions and laws
71
public administration
- the management and delivery of public policy by government
72
Thomas Hobbes
- theorized society would exist in a "state of nature" without government and would be "nasty, brutish, and short"
73
welfare state
- suite of government programs, services, and financial supports designed to assist the least fortunate in society
74
pluralism
- presence of diverse socio-economic groups participating in public affairs
75
merit principle
- notion that the most qualified candidates should be awarded a position, contract, or other financial benefit
76
patronage
- cultural practice that reflects an expectation among the supporters of a political party, its leader, and/or its candidates that they will receive something in return for their loyal service
77
agenda setting
- prioritizing policy issues
78
policy formulation
- exploring potential policy responses or instruments
79
decision-making
- choosing how to respond
80
policy implementation
- enacting the policy
81
policy evaluation
- monitoring and assessment of the policy
82
rational models of policy making
- assumes citizens and policy makers have clear goals and seek to achieve them
83
complexity
- the problem is difficult to define and does not fit neatly into governmetn departments
84
uncertaintly
- the solution is not clear and outcomes are difficult to predict
85
fragmentation
-many viewpoints the problem is politically controversial
86
financial administration
- ability of a government to make public policy decisions is highly dependent on its fiscal situation
87
treasury board
- cabinet committee tasked with reviewing and authorizing government revenue and expenditure policies
88
taxationj policy
- regulations, mechanisms, and rates set by government to generate revenues form people and businesses in its jurisdiction
89
direct taxation
- collection of taxes by government without using an intermediary
90
indirect taxation
- collection of taxes by intermediate body on behalf of government
91
entitlement programs
- as the welfare state has expanded, the federal government has created policies that entitle eligible citizens to receive financial assistance
92
insurance programs
- a large number of people pay into Canada's insurance programs, but at any given time only a minority use it
93
a new nationalism was born in Canada, centered around 3 main goals
- adoption of a national anthem
- development of a distinctive national flag
- patriation of the constitution
94
middle power
- Canada's status as an intermediary, rather than a leader in international affairs
95
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- NATO
| - International military alliance of western nations
96
North American Air Defence (NORAD)
- a Canada - U.S. air defence agreement
97
emergency power
- ability of federal government to exercise extraordinary authority in a time of crisis
98
United Nations
- the world's primary internation poiltical body
99
tariff
- a form of tax applied to imported goods and services
