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POLI 321 > November/December 2017 > Flashcards

November/December 2017 Flashcards

1
Q

Political Party

A
  • a formal organization of politically-minded citizens act run candidates in election sunder a common label in an attempt to win governmetn and shape public policy and laws
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2
Q

Elite political party

A
  • close,d upper class, organizing votes within the legislature
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3
Q

Mass political party

A
  • grassroots, reached out broader society, ideology
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4
Q

Catch all political party

A
  • competitive, prioritizes the design of effect public policy and election strategies (most of the current parties)
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5
Q

Brokerage political party

A
  • Canadian term for a regional catch all party - contain and address competing demands of different parts of the country
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6
Q

Left wing

A
  • highest taxes, bigger role for government, social equality
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7
Q

Right wing

A
  • lower taxes reliance on private sector, personal responsibility
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8
Q

Centrist

A
  • middle ground, Canada’s natural governing party?
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9
Q

Star candidates

A
  • high profile

- represent party publically

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10
Q

Party Insiders

A
  • spend career in party
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11
Q

Local leaders

A
  • well known in electoral district
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12
Q

Stopgap candidates

A
  • used to run a full slate of candidates
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13
Q

The extra parliamentary wing

A
  • party members formally applied into a party and paid membership fees
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14
Q

Electoral district association

A
  • party organization within a constitution
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15
Q

National Party Convention

A
  • elects party leader, votes on policies and establishes rules for candidates and members
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16
Q

Parliamentary WIng

A
  • caucus consists of members of the party who holds a seat in the legislature
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17
Q

Official party status

A
  • requires party to have minimum number of seats in teh legislature
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18
Q

Electoral formula

A
  • how votes are translated into seats
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19
Q

Single-member plurality (SMP)

A
  • electoral system whereby winner of a district needs just one vote more than the number amassed by the runner - up
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20
Q

Proportional representation (PR)

A
  • electoral systems designed so that number of party representatives elected is proportionate to party’s share of the vote
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21
Q

Mixed-member proportional system (MMP)

A
  • electoral system that combines geographic and partisan representation by providing extra seats to parties whose share of seats is lower than their share of the popular vote
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22
Q

Campaign Finance

A
  • the direct cost to administer the voting process amount to over $200 million per campaign. Not including the ones spent by parties
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23
Q

Political contributions

A
  • donations to a political candidate or group
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24
Q

Government subsidies

A
  • traditionally came in three main forms: election spending rebates, tax credits, annual direct public funding
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25
Q

Canada is a vertical mosaic

A
  • some groups are privileged or are higher in status than others, with the tapestry of Canadian multiculturalism
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26
Q

Symbolic representation

A
  • political attachment to someone or something that is seen to epitomize what it means
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27
Q

Descriptive representation

A
  • political attachment to someone viewed as sharing one’s background or social profile
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28
Q

Substantive representation

A
  • political attachment to someone in a position to defend or promote one’s own interests
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29
Q

Formalistic representation

A
  • political attachment to someone by virtue of that person’s status as a legitimately elected official
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30
Q

Democratic deficit

A
  • a belief that political institutions fail to live up to the democratic standards and expectations of its citizens
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31
Q

Candidate quotas

A
  • minimum requirements for members marginalized groups in candidate pool
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32
Q

Employment equity

A
  • federal government policy requiring civil service managers to proactively consider employing members of the four traditionally underrepresented groups
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33
Q

Pay equity

A
  • policy designed to eliminate gender-based discrimination in terms of how federally regulated employees are paid
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34
Q

Political Communication

A
  • a selection of information that is framed in a certain way
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35
Q

mediated democracy

A
  • media acts as a intermediary between the public and their political leaders, rather than people obtaining information for themselves directly
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36
Q

two way process

A
  • frames discussions and reflects the public concerns
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37
Q

two types of political media

A
  • mainstream/traditional

- digital/new

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38
Q

main stream media

A
  • newspaper, radio and television outlets
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39
Q

party press

A
  • early newspapers that relied heavily on government advertising
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40
Q

national newspapers

A
  • as literacy rates increased, demand grew for mass distribution of non-partisan news
41
Q

radio

A
  • emerged alongside populist, demand grew for radio, western-protest parties
42
Q

television

A
  • ushered in the era of political image
43
Q

press gallery

A
  • each legislature has a press gallery comprised of accredited journalists who are assigned to cover government and legislative proceedings - granted special access to interact with public officials
44
Q

fourth estate

A
  • informal term for the media, implies that a free press is so vial to democracy that it is on par with the three branches of government
45
Q

a policy window opens when three streams come together

A
  • problem/issue stream
  • policy
  • political
46
Q

Unintentional framing

A
  • ideological biases that are unrecognized by a political actor, but have an important impact on how they view issues and communicate with others
47
Q

Intentional framing

A
  • skilled political communicators simplifying and making sense of complex matters and promoting that perspective to support their position
48
Q

Infotainment

A
  • ]political news and information delivered in an entertaining manner
49
Q

Permanent campgain

A
  • electioneering outside of an election period, especially by leveraging government resources
50
Q

Propoganda

A
  • one sided persuasive communication that communicates falsehoods by virtue of its selective exclusion of truths
51
Q

newspeak

A
  • a controlled language designed to limit freedom of thougha nd expression
52
Q

doublespeak

A
  • language that “sanitizes” or makes truth more palatable
53
Q

comparative advertising

A
  • contrasts the strengths of a party or candidate against the weakness of an opponent
54
Q

political advertising

A
  • promotes uplifting messages
55
Q

negative political advertising

A
  • denigrates an opponent and his or her poitics
56
Q

attack advertising

A
  • belittles someones personal life or physical characteristics rather than the persons poitics
57
Q

interest groups

A
  • a political organization that seeks to influence public policy without competing for election
58
Q

institutionalized interest groups

A
  • headed by political elites who have advanced the same core arguments for years
59
Q

issue orientated interest groups

A
  • loosely organized political organizations that focus on a core issue
60
Q

lobbyist

A
  • a lobbyist is a professional who is paid to provide strategic advise to clients and to provide access to decision makers in government
61
Q

social movement

A
  • a shared mindset among people seeking to change the public’s view and behavior about an issue
62
Q

collective action problem/free riders

A
  • the notion that people whose interests are promoted by a group will benefit from its interest whether to not they actively participate
63
Q

slaktivisim

A
  • actions taken by individuals to appear part of a social movement, but which have no direct impact on the fulfillment of its objectives
64
Q

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP)

A
  • an investigation launched to study the relationship between aboriginal and non-aboriginal people in Canada in 1996
65
Q

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 2016

A
  • examined the impact of the residential school system
66
Q

Treaty federation

A
  • system of governance recognizing the equal-order relationship between First Nations and the crown
67
Q

Third order of government

A
  • constitutionally recognized status for First Nations people, on par with the federal and provincial orders
68
Q

citizens plus

A
  • notion that aboriginal people ought to hold a special set of rights in addition to that conferred by Canadian citizenship
69
Q

pubic policy

A
  • plan or course of action chosen by a government to respond to an identified problem
70
Q

policy instruemnts

A
  • the tools used by government to meet their objectives - public education, financial incentives, guidelines or standards, and sanctions and laws
71
Q

public administration

A
  • the management and delivery of public policy by government
72
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A
  • theorized society would exist in a “state of nature” without government and would be “nasty, brutish, and short”
73
Q

welfare state

A
  • suite of government programs, services, and financial supports designed to assist the least fortunate in society
74
Q

pluralism

A
  • presence of diverse socio-economic groups participating in public affairs
75
Q

merit principle

A
  • notion that the most qualified candidates should be awarded a position, contract, or other financial benefit
76
Q

patronage

A
  • cultural practice that reflects an expectation among the supporters of a political party, its leader, and/or its candidates that they will receive something in return for their loyal service
77
Q

agenda setting

A
  • prioritizing policy issues
78
Q

policy formulation

A
  • exploring potential policy responses or instruments
79
Q

decision-making

A
  • choosing how to respond
80
Q

policy implementation

A
  • enacting the policy
81
Q

policy evaluation

A
  • monitoring and assessment of the policy
82
Q

rational models of policy making

A
  • assumes citizens and policy makers have clear goals and seek to achieve them
83
Q

complexity

A
  • the problem is difficult to define and does not fit neatly into governmetn departments
84
Q

uncertaintly

A
  • the solution is not clear and outcomes are difficult to predict
85
Q

fragmentation

A

-many viewpoints the problem is politically controversial

86
Q

financial administration

A
  • ability of a government to make public policy decisions is highly dependent on its fiscal situation
87
Q

treasury board

A
  • cabinet committee tasked with reviewing and authorizing government revenue and expenditure policies
88
Q

taxationj policy

A
  • regulations, mechanisms, and rates set by government to generate revenues form people and businesses in its jurisdiction
89
Q

direct taxation

A
  • collection of taxes by government without using an intermediary
90
Q

indirect taxation

A
  • collection of taxes by intermediate body on behalf of government
91
Q

entitlement programs

A
  • as the welfare state has expanded, the federal government has created policies that entitle eligible citizens to receive financial assistance
92
Q

insurance programs

A
  • a large number of people pay into Canada’s insurance programs, but at any given time only a minority use it
93
Q

a new nationalism was born in Canada, centered around 3 main goals

A
  • adoption of a national anthem
  • development of a distinctive national flag
  • patriation of the constitution
94
Q

middle power

A
  • Canada’s status as an intermediary, rather than a leader in international affairs
95
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

A
  • NATO

- International military alliance of western nations

96
Q

North American Air Defence (NORAD)

A
  • a Canada - U.S. air defence agreement
97
Q

emergency power

A
  • ability of federal government to exercise extraordinary authority in a time of crisis
98
Q

United Nations

A
  • the world’s primary internation poiltical body
99
Q

tariff

A
  • a form of tax applied to imported goods and services

POLI 321 (3 decks)

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