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Eng107 > Nouns (and their properties and subclasses) > Flashcards

Nouns (and their properties and subclasses) Flashcards

1
Q

Nouns have

A
  • semantic properties
  • morphosyntactic properties
  • discourse pragmatic properties
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2
Q

Nouns

A
  • are a syntactic category.
    [CLAUSE Special[ NOUN equipment] is necessary.]
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3
Q

Semantic properties of nouns

A

a noun is connected to a concept ( a SCHEMA) which is typically BOUNDED or INDIVIDUATED

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4
Q

Morphosyntactic properties of nouns

A
  • Conceptual category “number” is expressed on countable nouns - they have singular and plural forms.
  • Number is typically expressed morphologically (singular N + suffix (e)s = plural form)
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5
Q

Number expressed lexically

A

-strong suppletion: person - people
-weak suppletion (non-systematic variation in form)
-isn’t productive

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6
Q

Root vowel change

A

mouse - mice
louse - lice
goose - geese
tooth - teeth
foot- feet
die - dice

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7
Q

-(r)en suffix

A

ox - oxen
child - Children

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8
Q

Foreign plurals

A

alga - algae
bureau - bureaus
crisis - crises
virtuoso - virtuosi

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9
Q

Discourse pragmatic properties of nouns

A

in actual language, use nouns to refer/point to discourse-manipulable participants

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10
Q

Nouns: subclasses

A
  • proper names are used to address and identify particular beings, things, or places that are familiar or uniquely identifiable.
  • It’s possible to turn a proper name into a common noun:
    “That’s the Santa Clause I’ve been waiting to see “
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11
Q

Countable sense

A

a countable sense means that a noun refers to things that are bounded or individuated enough to be counted
- (1a) “Sirius had a strange ‘dream’”
- (1b) “Can I have two ‘beers’, please?”
- (1c) “There’s too much ‘beer’ in my basement.”

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12
Q

Concrete masses

A

sand, water, sugar, milk

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13
Q

concrete collections

A

jewelry, furniture, footwear, equipment

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14
Q

abstract nouns

A

warmth, brutality, confidence, courage

-refer to various types of the abstract entity or to instances of the abstract idea

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15
Q

action nominalizations

A

dancing, running, evacuation

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16
Q

The effects of plural marking on basically uncountable nouns

A
  • mass nouns can refer to a quantity of the substance
  • mass nouns can refer to several different types of the mass item
17
Q

Mass nouns

A
  • mass nouns can refer to a quantity of the substance
  • mass nouns can refer to several different types of the mass item
18
Q

Collection nouns

A

refer to different types of the collection

19
Q

Collective plurals

A
  • they trigger plural subject-verb agreement, they contain special plural forms like: people, cattle, swine, fowl, vermin, kine, etc
    -(1a) “Vermin are having a high time in this town.”
    -(1b) “Other fowl have become less resistant to disease.”
20
Q

Collective nouns

A

they denote a collection of individuals with nouns such as: board, committee, jury, staff, crew, etc.

  • (2a)”The committee has reconvened.”
  • (2b)”A new committee has been established.”
21
Q

Pronouns

A
  • Pronouns are referring expressions that replace determined noun phrases (DPs).
  • pronouns don’t just replace nouns or NPs
  • (1a) “Albert Brooks talks about [DP the[NP new[NOUN movie]]].”
    -(1b) “Albert Brooks talks about it” [it = the new movie = DP]
22
Q

Types of Pronouns

A

personal, demonstrative, impersonal, indefinite and quantified

23
Q

Personal Pronouns

A

-used to refer to participants already present or active in the discourse

24
Q

Nominative (personal pronouns)

A

1st person: I
2nd person you
3rd person: he
3rd person: she
3rd person: it
1st person: we
2nd person: you
3rd person: they

25
Q

Accusative (personal pronouns)

A

1st person: me
2nd person you
3rd person: him
3rd person: her
3rd person: it
1st person: us
2nd person: you
3rd person: them

26
Q

Dependent Genitive (personal pronouns)

A

1st person: my
2nd person you
3rd person: his
3rd person: her
3rd person: its
1st person: our
2nd person: your
3rd person: their

27
Q

Independent Genitive (personal pronouns)

A

1st person: mine
2nd person yours
3rd person: his
3rd person: hers
3rd person: its
1st person: ours
2nd person: yours
3rd person: theirs

28
Q

Reflexive (personal pronouns)

A

1st person: myself
2nd person yourself
3rd person: himself
3rd person: herself
3rd person: itself
1st person: ourselves
2nd person: yourselves
3rd person: themselves

29
Q

Demonstrative pronouns

A
  • point to participants in the context or ideas present in the surrounding text

near: this (singular), these (plural)
far: that (singular), those (plural)

30
Q

Impersonal pronouns

A

-refer to impersonal unidentified participants
Like for instance: one, they, you

For example: “They serve good food here”

31
Q

Indefinite pronouns

A
  • Indefinite pronouns function like an indefinite DP ( a DP with an indefinite article).

Indefinite referential pronouns: (somebody, someone, something.)

Indefinite non-referential pronouns: (anybody, anyone, anything.)

32
Q

Examples of indefinite pronouns

A

(1a) They can choose ‘an item’ from the menu.
(1b) They can choose ‘something’ from the menu.
(1c) They can choose ‘anything’ from the menu.

33
Q

Quantified pronouns

A
  • Quantified pronouns refer to an identifiable set of potential referents.

-every- forms refer to all members of the set
- n- forms refer to none of the members of the set

34
Q

Examples of Quantified pronouns

A

(2a) I’m looking forward to telling you ‘everything’.
(2b) It was clear that Ms. Walsh supported ‘nothing’ that Tiller did.

35
Q

either, neither, and quantifiers

A

either = any in a set of two
neither = none in a set of two
Quantifiers: can be pronouns that indicate a quantity: all, half, both, numerals

36
Q

Examples of either and neither

A

(1a) You have two arms and ‘either’ could lift this suitcase
(1b) We were offered two options, but ‘neither’ was valid

37
Q

Examples of Quantifiers

A

(2a) The audience didn’t appreciate your answers. ‘All’ were long-winded.
(2b) The Voughn twins are a success story. ‘Both’ have found new work they like locally.

Eng107 (7 decks)

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