Notes Set 4 (81-100)

Question 1

Dialect

Answer 1

The language used by the people of a specific area, class, district or any other group of people. The term dialect involves the spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation used by a particular group of people and it distinguishes them from other people around them.

Question 2

Hubris

Answer 2

Hubris is extreme pride and arrogance shown by a character that ultimately brings about his downfall. In literature, portrayal of hubristic characters serves to achieve a moralistic end. Such characters are eventually punished thus giving a moral lesson to the audience and the readers so that they are motivated to improve their characters by removing the flaws that can cause a tragedy in their lives. Witnessing a tragic hero suffering due to his hubristic actions, the audience or the readers may fear that the same fate may befall them if they indulge in similar kinds of actions.

Question 3

Anti-Hero

Answer 3

a literary device used by writers for a prominent character in a play or book that has characteristics opposite to that of a conventional hero. The protagonist is generally admired for his bravery, strength, charm, and ingenuity. While an anti-hero is typically clumsy, unsolicited, and unskilled and has both good and bad qualities.

Question 4

Band Wagon

Answer 4

is a persuasive technique and a type of propaganda through which a writer persuades his readers, so that majority could agree with the argument of the writer, suggesting that since majority agrees, the readers should too, such as “Everyone is Voting For David, so definitely he is the best presidential candidate” “Jump on the Band Wagon” Conforming to society

Question 5

Band Wagon - Function

Answer 5

The purpose of this technique is to make the audience think and act in a way that majority follows. This tendency of following the beliefs and actions occurs when audience sees others are also conforming. We see its usage in literature, politics, and advertisements. Bandwagon is in fact a good approach for persuasive writing that successfully works on human minds and psychology. Conversely, writers often use it as a pressure tactic by creating a sense of fear among the readers if they do not agree with their beliefs.

Question 6

Propaganda

Answer 6

we can easily find the use of propaganda technique in mass media advertising, politics, and literature. It is a very popular technique in academic commentary, and is taken as an interchangeable form of communication. The primary function of propaganda is to persuade the readers and mold their perceptions about a particular cause. In addition, it aims at getting response of respondence and let them adopt a certain action, because merely securing a commitment or assent would not be enough for making this technique successful, and securing its purpose.

Question 7

Propaganda-Transfer

Answer 7

Appeals to a person’s imagination of something we like or trust. “Trump, Make America great again”

Question 8

Propganda-Glittering Generalities Virtue Words or Generality

Answer 8

These words are used to dupe us into accepting and approaching of things without examining the evidence carefully. Ex: “natural, democratic, organic”

Question 9

Propaganda-Testimonial

Answer 9

This represents another type of propaganda that fits into a particular category of its own. When some respected celebrity (or alternatively someone generally bad) claims that an idea or product is good (bad). This technique is used to convince us without examining the facts more carefully.

Question 10

Propaganda-Plain Folks

Answer 10

This type of propaganda is used by a speaker to convict an audience that an idea is good because they are the same ideas of the vast majority of people like themselves.

Question 11

Propaganda-Distortion of Data or Out of Context or Card Stocking

Answer 11

This technique is used to convince the audience by using selected information and not presenting the complete story. Ex: A study was done that showed eating peanut butter causes liver cancer” (the fact that later the study showed to be flawed or funded by peanut butter haters. A variation would be raising the speed limit to 65 mph resulted in many fewer traffic facilities”

Question 12

Propaganda-Testimonial

Answer 12

This represents another type of propaganda that fits into a particular category of its own. When some respected celebrity (or alternatively someone generally bad) claims that an idea or product is good (bad). This technique is used to convince us without examining the facts more carefully.

Question 13

Scapegoat

Answer 13

this is often used with guilt by association to deflect scrutiny away from the issues. It transfers blame to one person or group of people without investigating the complexities of the issue. Ex: George W Bush got us into Iraq”

Question 14

Artificial Dichotomy

Answer 14

This is when someone tries to claim there are only two sides to an issue and that both sides must have equal representation in order to be evaluated. This technique is used to dupe us into believing there is only one way to look at an issue, when in fact there can be many alternative viewpoints.

Question 15

Deifictation

Answer 15

This is when an idea is made to appear holy, sacred, or very special, and therefore above all law. Any alternative or opposite points of view are thereby given the appearance of treason or blasphemy. “God given right to…”

Question 16

Conceit

Answer 16

developes a comparison which is exceedingly unlikely but is, nonetheless, intellectually imaginative. A comparison turns into a conceit when the writer tries to make us admit a similarity between two things of whose unlikeness we are strongly conscious and for this reason, conceits are often surprising. “slow as a snail” is not surprising. “two lovers with the two legs of a draftsman’s compass” is very surprising

Question 17

Claim

Answer 17

if somebody gives an argument to support his position, it is called making a claim. Different reasons are usually presented to prove why a certain point should be accepted as logical.

Question 18

Catharsis

Answer 18

is an emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress. Catharsis is is a Greek word and it means cleansing. In lit. it is used for the cleansing of characters emotions. It can also be any other radical change that leads to emotional rejuvenation of a person.

Question 19

Cliche

Answer 19

refers to an expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty. A cliche may also refer to actions and events which are predictable because of some previous events.

Question 20

Concession

Answer 20

a literary device used in argumentative writing where one acknowledges a point made by one’s opponent. It allows for different opinions and debate or controversy. It demonstrates that the writer is a mature thinker and has considered the issue from all angles.