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(history) native americans & civil rights 1865-1992 > notes on progress/development of NA rights > Flashcards

notes on progress/development of NA rights Flashcards

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1
Q

NA traditional way of life

A
  • worshipped nature
  • had own language
  • nomadic
  • own culture/ceremonies
  • own tribal laws/gov
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2
Q

explanation of term nomadic

A

moved around & hunted buffalo herds –> used every part - very sacred

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3
Q

why was number of buffalo greatly reduced

A
  • white settler-colonists
  • westward expansion
  • railways
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4
Q

describe westward expansion & it’s impact

A
  • american gov. encouraged white settler-colonists to move to great plains –> ‘manifest destiny’
  • 1830 removal act –> tribes moved onto great plains as ‘indian territory’
  • expansion of railways
  • discovery of gold & other minerals
    = drove NA off their land & destroyed tradition
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5
Q

gov. aim of assimilation

A

to westernise NA & force them to adhere to american culture

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6
Q

describe the term manifest destiny

A

belief it was american’s god-given right to settle rest of continent

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7
Q

homestead act

A
  • 1862
  • gave farmers 160-acre plot for free if agreed to farm for min. 5 years
  • gov. trying to control land in west & create federal territories
  • encouraged more movement from west & it’s estimated that around 20,000 people were settle on plains by 1865
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8
Q

how did the gov try to settle the land dispute - give an example

A

treaties
eg. fort laramie treaty 1868 (arapho, lakota, sioux) = US recognised the black hills as part of great sioux reservation (exclusive use by sioux people)

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9
Q

plains wars

A

series of conflicts between US & NA 1862-7
eg.
- cheyenne uprising 1863: war parties (organised by cheyenne military societies) attacked white settlements - killed people & burned crops
- 1867 red cloud’s war against lakota: armed conflict between alliance of lakota, n. cheyenne & n. arapho people against US & crow nation –> led to fort laramie treaty 1868

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10
Q

sand creek massacre

A
  • 1864
  • US army carried out surprise attack on non-fighting encampment of cheyenne & arapho killing 160
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11
Q

massacre at wounded knee

A
  • 1890
  • US troops mobilised against ghost dancers & killed approx. 150-300 lakota NA
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12
Q

how was assimilation to be achieved by gov.

A
  • education
  • conversion to christianity
  • turn NA into farmers
  • establishment of gov. reservations
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13
Q

how did the reservation policy (by the gov.) destroy NA way of life

A
  • polygamy abandoned
  • braves couldn’t show skills
  • herbal remedies forbidden
  • tribal laws abolished
  • communal living ended
  • power of tribal chief ended
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14
Q

how were families separated during assimilation

A
  • children sent to school –> forbidden from speaking own language & entirely renounce tribal beliefs
  • 2 off-reservation boarding schools set up –> virginia & pennsylvania
  • boys: vocational training
  • girls: domestic service skills
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15
Q

benefits of NA children in forced education

A
  • opportunity to find better jobs
  • some worked in indian agency offices
  • others worked as interpreters or scouts to army units
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16
Q

what were reservations

A
  • land designated by US gov. to NA as part of treaties
  • began in 1850s
  • later, boundaries imposed by congress (after 1871)
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17
Q

what caused the size of reservations to be reduced & when

A

after defeat of general george armstrong custer at battle of little bighorn 1876

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18
Q

battle of little bighorn & george armstrong custer

A

1876
- george armstrong custer = US army officer/cavalry commander –> he & all battalion killed
- custer attacked some lakota/cheyenne without full force arriving (later: force of ~200 men killed)

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19
Q

way of life on reservations

A
  • unable to farm as land infertile
  • lack of aid from gov.
  • resulted in starvation
  • many dies from infectious diseases eg. measles
  • alcoholism was rife
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20
Q

how many NA remained by 1900

A

100,000 out of original 240,000 (1860)

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21
Q

why were NA denied civil rights

A

they were ‘wards of the state’ - not taxpayers

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22
Q

what was an exception to suffering NA

A

navjo tribe
- adapted to farming practices
- had large flocks of sheep/goats
- increased size of reservation
- considerable growth in pop. –> 8000 (1868) to 22,000 (1900)

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23
Q

dawes severality act

A

1887
- divided reservations into plots/allotments given to NA

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24
Q

positives of dawes severality act

A
  • NA were landowners
  • full rights to citizenship as paid tax
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25
Q

negatives of dawes severality act

A
  • ignored beliefs eg. land belonged to all creatures & couldn’t be owned
  • decline in land held by NA - much bought by white-settler colonists as NA unable to farm it
  • some unable to manage sums = further debt & poverty
  • worsened position/status of many NA women –> land given to men
26
Q

curtis act

A

1898
originally, 5 civilised tribes were exempt from 1887 dawes severality act but now included

27
Q

5 civilised tribes

A
  • cherokee
  • chickasaw
  • choctaw
  • muscogee
  • seminole
28
Q

cherokee nation v. hitchcock

A

1902
- cherokees challenged congress’s right to deny them their rights to live according to their laws

29
Q

lone wolf v. hitchcock

A

1903
- gave gov. right to revoke all treaties made with NA & stated they were ‘an ignorant & dependent race’, weren’t citizens of the US & thus, had no rights

30
Q

how had the position of NA changed by WW1 1914

A
  • lands given to them via treaty (1860s) often been taken away & now denied right to negotiate
  • civil rights given by dawes act meant nothing due to discrimination
  • development of allotment process = lost their identity
  • ## lost pride/self-respect as often dependent on gov. for food
31
Q

how had NA life changed between the wars 1914-1945

A
  • most notable = gained citizenship & improvements in quality of life from roosevelt’s new deal
  • BUT many of improvements were only positive in eyes of federal gov.
32
Q

how did NA life change between 1914-1945: citizenship

A
  • NA weren’t interested in gaining citizenship & right to vote
  • this was extended to those living on reservations
  • intended to assimilate NOT increase political involvement
  • NA not regained sovereignty/nationhood
  • lands been further reduced
33
Q

how did NA life change between 1914-1945: attacks on culture

A

eg. dance order
- banned them from practicing some of traditional dances

34
Q

what was the first move to preserve the NAs culture & involve them in administration of reservations

A

indian reorganisation (wheeler-howard) act 1934

35
Q

what did the terms of the indian reorganisation (wheeler-howard) act 1934 give NA..

A
  • right to practise religion
  • right to undertake ceremonial dances/celebrations
    –> reversed law of 1883
  • ability to prevent sale of NA lands to individual buyers
  • extension of political rights to women
36
Q

how did the indian reorganisation (wheeler-howard) act 1934 also improve conditions on reservations

A
  • agencies of new deal built schools/hospitals
  • encouraged women to take on greater economic role & higher education
  • end to allotment policy
37
Q

negative aspects of indian reorganisation (wheeler-howard) act 1934

A

some improvement to NA life but…
- didn’t lead to tribes becoming independent/self-sufficient
- lands which should’ve been returned under act weren’t given back
- much of funding that was supposed to improve conditions was transferred to war effort once USA became involved in WW2 (1941)

38
Q

how much improvement was made for NA between 1914-1945

A

limited

39
Q

how can the period after the second world war be divided into 2 parts (for NA)

A

–> 1945-69 - gov. policy of termination began in 1953
= worsened conditions for NA
–> 1969-92 - NA regained many of rights (period of self-determination)

40
Q

2 major elements to NA deterioration after WW2

A
  1. policy of termination:
    - ended recognition of NA tribes & remaining treaty rights
    - treated them as independent & self-supporting
  2. movement of many NA to urban areas
41
Q

why was the movement of many NA to urban areas catastrophic/traumatic

A
  • forced to leave reservations & relocate
  • most lived in worst accommodation
  • (if lucky to find jobs) they were poorly paid
  • literacy rates low
  • disease rate high
42
Q

how many NA were considered ‘poor’ in 1960

A

25%

43
Q

why did the poor accommodation disrupt NA way of life

A

unable to accommodate extended family

44
Q

what happened to elderly people who were sent to urban areas

A
  • many forced to return to reservations
    ^conditions had decline further
45
Q

unemployment rate of NA - reflective of difficulty to find jobs

A

up to 18%

46
Q

life expectancy of NA - how low beneath nation avg?

A

44 years
- 20 years below national avg.

47
Q

why did many NA not settle in urban areas

A
  • ## alien to them –> severely diff. culture
48
Q

how many NA returned to reservations

A

50%

49
Q

what did the NA who returned to reservations find

A
  • funding of projects (began in new deal) had been ended
  • ^meant conditions were worse than cities
50
Q

what happened to the NA who stayed in the reservations

A
  • often grouped in ghettos
  • ^impacted them trying to preserve culture
51
Q

how did the period after WW2 (in urban areas) impact the progress made in the last part of the period

A
  • began to witness impact of civil rights movement
  • began to develop own groups to advance cause
52
Q

benefits for NA of the period 1969-92

A
  • land gradually returned
  • some nations that had lost status regained recognition & rights
  • educational opportunities improved
53
Q

describe the process of regaining land during 1969-92

A
  • slow
  • some tribes did regain land
  • not all aims achieved
54
Q

example of not all aims begin achieved when regaining land for NA

A
  • compensation given rather than land
  • some tribes (eg. lakota) wanted land instead
55
Q

how did NA benefit culture-wise 1969-92

A
  • able to gain respect for religious traditions & right to worship
  • ~30 states passed laws to protect burial grounds & remains
56
Q

self-sufficiency 1969-92

A
  • moved nearer
  • tribes able to negotiate responsibility for health, education & other social services
57
Q

what was the process of self-determination further encouraged by

A
  • recognition that NA could live according to tribal culture
  • restored self-confidence of many NA
58
Q

how was the self-confidence of NA reflected

A

census date which saw rise in their numbers from 800,000 (1970) to 1.8 mil (1990)

59
Q

negative aspects of period 1969-92

A
  • process of regain land had just begun –> much still disputed to this day
  • education/employment levels were still low & well below national avg. in 1992
  • remain poorest element in nation
  • NA position hit by cuts in funding due to economic decline - hit areas eg. healthcare
60
Q

overall positive aspects of period 1969-92

A
  • ending of policy of assimilation
  • significant movement towards achieving self-determination

(history) native americans & civil rights 1865-1992 (3 decks)

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