flashcards based upon timeline 1865-1992 - dates/events

Question 1

1862-7 plains wars

Answer 1

number of clashes between government & native americans

for example:
- 1862 little crow’s war against the lakota
- 1863 cheyenne uprising
- 1867 red cloud’s war against lakota
- 1868 winter campaign against cheyenne

Question 2

1865 westward expansion

Answer 2

• main reason why position of NA under threat in 1865
• settler-colonists encouraged by gov. to move west (onto great plains)
• belief in manifest destiny
• creation of railways

Question 3

1862 pacific railway act

Answer 3

allowed companies to take sufficient materials for building of line from land alongside train tracks

Question 4

1830 removal act

Answer 4

tribes moved from alabama, florida, georgia, mississippi, tennessee & virginia on to great plains in oklahoma

Question 5

1862 homestead act

Answer 5

gave farmers 160-acre plot free on condition they farmed it for 5 years

• gov. determined to control land in west & created federal territories governed by officials
• populate region with small-scale farmers

Question 6

1864 sand creek massacre

Answer 6

• attack by US cavalry on undefended cheyenne camp
• deaths of many elderly men, women & children

Question 7

1890 massacre at wounded knee

Answer 7

cavalry killed over 100 NA men, women & children

Question 8

1876 battle of little bighorn

Answer 8

• general custer sent to return number of lakota/cheyenne who’d left reservation & refused to return
• attacked without waiting for full force
• his force of 200 men were defeated & all killed

Question 9

1887 dawes severalty act

Answer 9

• divided reservations into plots/allotments
• owned land
• gave full rights of citizenship
• paid tax

Question 10

1898 curtis act

Answer 10

dawes act now included the 5 civilised tribes
- cherokee
- chickasaw
- choctaw
- muscogee
- seminole

Question 11

1902 cherokee nation v. hitchcock

Answer 11

cherokee challenged congresses right to deny them their rights to live according to their laws

Question 12

1903 lone wolf v. hitchcock

Answer 12

gave government right to revoke all treaties with NA & stated they were ‘ignorant and dependent’ race

Question 13

1934 wheeler-howard or indian reorganisation act

Answer 13

• allowed cultural pluralism
• helped to preserve NA culture
• gave NA right to manage land & mineral assets
• establish more secure economic basis for reservations
  (end to allotment policy)

Question 14

1972 indian education act

Answer 14

increased amount of money available for NA schools (even on reservations)

Question 15

1947 bureau of indian affairs

Answer 15

(renamed from office of indian affairs)
- controlled money for development of NA
- responsible for their education & reservations

Question 16

1975 indian self-determination act

Answer 16

• set out process by which tribes could take responsibility for own education, health & social service provision
• federal funding provided
• move towards self-sufficiency

Question 17

1975 indian education assistance act

Answer 17

allowed NA to have much greater involvement in children’s educational process

Question 18

1976 indian healthcare improvement act

Answer 18

create opportunities to improve access & financing of health care services for NA

Question 19

1978 native american religious freedom act

Answer 19

• gave NA right to follow traditional religion & use sacred objects/rituals

Question 20

1978 indian child welfare act

Answer 20

• attempted to regulate forced removal of NA children from families

Question 21

1944 national congress of american indians (NCAI)

Answer 21

• formed in 1944 by group of educated NA
• one of pressure groups playing important role in extending NA rights

Question 22

1960s red power

Answer 22

native american activists sought to restore ‘native sovereignty’

Question 23

1970 native american rights fund (NARF)

Answer 23

• established in 1970 to defend rights of NA
• trained legal specialists with interest in NA issues
• responsible for most cases which went before supreme court

Question 24

1974 oneida v. oneida & madison counties, new york

Answer 24

• ondeida tribe brought case to SC to sure for return of lands
• ruled in favour of tribe
• result = increase in no. of actions taken by tribes to regain lands

Question 25

1976 fisher v. montana

Answer 25

• in future, tribal courts decide upon adoption (as children being forcibly removed)
• significant
• further move towards recognition of tribal courts

Question 26

1986 charrier v. bell

Answer 26

• SC ruled remains dug from burial grounds in lousiana belonged to NA
• result = states passed laws protecting NA burial grounds

Question 27

1928 meriam report

Answer 27

• condemned allotment policy
• outline terrible conditions in which NA lived
• encouraged change
• led to rhoads reforms of 1929 & reforms of 1930s during new deal

Question 28

1929 rhoads reforms

Answer 28

closed off-reservation boarding schools which were replaced by better schools on reservations
- also improvements in medical facilities

Question 29

1961 national indian youth council (NIYC)

Answer 29

• aim = protecting native american fishing rights in north-west
• however, it’s role developed & it took on lawsuits to protect treaty rights, voting rights & religious freedom

Question 30

1968 american indian movement (AIM)

Answer 30

• main aim = tackle discrimination many young NA facing
• established group to patrol streets & monitor police activities = decline in arrests/imprisonment of young NA
• NA population in local jails decline 60%

Question 31

1969 siege of alcatraz

Answer 31

• originally belonged to ohlone idiands until taken & used as a jail (now stood empty)
• group of NA occupied it & demanded it’s return (led by richard oakes)
• offered government $24 in beads & cloth = symbolic
• gov. refused & numbers in siege rose to 80
  = unsuccessful but had positive achievements

Question 32

1971 occupation of mount rushmore, black hills, dakota

Answer 32

• sacred burial ground of lakota
• protestors established camp
• evicted but NA have continued to claim black hills & established further camps
• ownership of land still in dispute

Question 33

1972 AIM took over bureau of indian affairs, washington DC

Answer 33

• aimed to draw attention to treaties that previous US governments had broken with NA
• supposed to be peaceful
• without accommodation, took over bureau & had to be evicted resulting in violence
• played role in influencing policies of nixon

Question 34

1973 occupation of wounded knee

Answer 34

• site of lakota massacre in 1890
• occupation by 300 NA lasted 71 days & saw violence/resistance to gov. agents
• aim = draw attention to high unemployment rates of NA (~50%), poor life expectancy (46 years) & high levels of suicide/alcoholism
• negotiated settlement achieved
• 2 leaders later arrested (& acquitted)
• investigatory commission set up as a result concluded federal gov. had power to take land but it did become more sensitive to NA concerns

Question 35

1975 pine ridge reservation

Answer 35

• further violence broke out near wounded knee
• resulted in shootings leaving 2 FBI agents & 1 protestor dead
• member of AIM found guilty of murder but appeal court blamed killings on overreaction of authorities