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Neuroanatomy > Notes from rest of Ballyk's lectures > Flashcards

Notes from rest of Ballyk's lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is present in the epidural space?

A
  1. FAT

2. Blood vessels

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2
Q

The dorsal and ventral roots exit via which sulci?

A
  1. Dorsolateral and ventrolateral sulci
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3
Q

What do the lumbosacral and cervical enlargements contain

A
  1. Cervical (C5-t1) contain somatic motor to arms

2. Lumbar (L2- S3) contain somatic motor to legs

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4
Q

What do the IML columns contain (T1-L2)?

What do they contain between S2-S4?

A

Cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic Ns

Cell bodies of Parasympathetic pre gang Ns

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5
Q

Location of IML cell columns?

A

T1- L2, S2-S4

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6
Q

Neurons of ventral horns are…

Neurons of IML cell columns are…

A
  1. Somatic motor

2. Visceral motor

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7
Q

What parts of the thalamus relay information from basal ganglia?
from cerebellum?
from skin,muscle, joints?

A
  1. Both VA and VL nuclei
  2. VL nucleus
  3. VP nucleus
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8
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A
  1. Olfaction
  2. Survival
  3. memory
  4. behavior
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9
Q

What type of movement are the medial portions of the ventral horns responsible for?

A

Ipsilateral
axial muscle
(Posture and balance)

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10
Q

What type of movement are the lateral expansions in the cervical and lumbar regions responsible for?

A

Ipsilateral

Limb muscles - skilled Voluntary movement

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11
Q

List which spinal levels are tested in the following reflexes

  1. Biceps
  2. Triceps
  3. Patellar
  4. Achilles
A
  1. C6
  2. C7
  3. L4
  4. S1
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12
Q

LMN lesion will result in …. 5 things

A
  1. Ipsilateral weakness
  2. HYPOreflexia
  3. FLACCID paralysis
  4. Atrophy
  5. Fasciulations
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13
Q

UMN lesions will result in… 5 things

A
  1. Hemiplegia (depends on level)
  2. HyPER reflexia
  3. No atrophy
  4. No fasciculations
  5. BABINSKI
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14
Q

In a unilateral lesion to mandibular nerve (5) - bilaterally innervated - how does the jaw swing?

A

Towards the weak side

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15
Q

Which axon decussates in SS from body and face?

A

The second order neurone decussates

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16
Q

Where is the cell body of the first order neuron?

A

GANGLION IN PNS

  1. Body (dorsal root ganglion)
  2. Face (trigeminal ganglion)
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17
Q

Where is the cell body of the second order neuron?

A
  1. Dorsal horn of spinal cord

2. Brainstem nucleus

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18
Q

List 4 most medial voluntary motor nuclei (LMNs)

A

(3) Occulomotor
(4) Trochlear
(6) Abducens
(12) Hypoglossal

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19
Q

list 4 lateral voluntary motor nuclei (LMNs)

A

(5) The Masticator nucleus
(7) The facial nucleus
(9,10) Nucleus ambiguous
(11) Accessory

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20
Q

List 4 Visceral Motor nuclei (Contain PREGANGLIONIC Psy Ns)

A

(3) Edinger Westphal
(7) Superior salivatory - everything that drips except the parotid
(9) Inferior salivatory (Parotid)
(10) Dorsal Vagal (Thoracic and abdominal viscera)

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21
Q

List the two Somatic Sensory nuclei (Second order sensory neurons)

A
  1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus

2. Pontine trigeminal nucleus

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22
Q

List the two special sensory nuclei (Second order sensory neurons)

A
  1. The vestibular (8) - BALANCE

2. The cochlear (8) - Auditory

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23
Q

In a supratentorial lesion, what are the symptoms of increased ICP
Effects are contra or ipsilateral?

A
  1. Headache
  2. Altered mental status
  3. Nausea, vomiting
  4. Papilledema,
  5. Diplopia

EFFECTS ARE CONTRALATERAL FACE AND BODY

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24
Q

What creates the blood-ISF barrier

A

Astrocytic end feet - induce formation of Tight Junctions between endothelial cells of Cerebral BVs

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25
Q

What forms the Blood-CSF barrier?

A

The choroid plexus

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26
Q

Where do cerebral BVs form continuous capillaries?

Fenestrated capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous everywhere EXCEPT

2. In the choroid plexus

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27
Q

Choroid ependymal cells are joined by

A

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

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28
Q

Function of the choroid ependymal cells?

A

Secrete CSF

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29
Q

Total volume of CSF:

Rate of production of CSF:

A
  1. Volume = 140mls

2. 500ml/day produced

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30
Q

How do you differentiate a block in CSF movement versus impaired absorption?

A
  1. block in movement - only some of the ventricles will enlarge depending on block
  2. All ventricles enlarge - due to a genesis of villi
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31
Q

Met-HB (subacute blood) appears

A

BRIGHT on both T1 and t2

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32
Q

Hemosiderin

A

Appears DARK on T1 and T2

33
Q

Most pathologies are ….. on T1… and ….. on T2

A

DARK on T1
BRIGHT on T2
except for fat, calcium, melanin, blood at certain stages

34
Q

BEST modality for imaging an acute stroke

A

CT scan of head with no contrast - rule out contraindications
high attenuation clot/embolus can often be seen

35
Q

BEST modality for imaging an acute stroke if in the posterior fossa

A

MRI - diffusion weighted - water restriction (first 7-10 days)

36
Q

To image blood vessels you can use

A

Doppler - flowing blood hypo echoic, dense tissue hyper echoic - challenging for vertebral circulation
cT angio
MR Angio

37
Q

What is the order of the neurological exam?

A

1 Mental status

  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Motor
  3. Sensory
  4. coordination
  5. Stance and Gait
38
Q

The receptors for tactile sensation are…

A

LOW threshold mechanoreceptors

39
Q

Nociception receptors are…

A

HIGH threshold mechanoreceptors

40
Q

Which receptors detect onset and end of stimulus?

A

RAPIDly acting receptors

41
Q

Which receptors detect high frequency vibration?

A

RAPIDLY acting receptors

42
Q

Which receptors report continuously on a stimulus?

A

Slow adapting receptors

43
Q

Which receptors are good for reporting pressure, shape, LOW frequency vibration?

A

SLOW adapting receptors

44
Q

Which are the only unmyelinated fibers?

A

cLASS C… they are also smallest in diameter and conduction velocity

45
Q

Capacitance and velocity are

A

Inversely correlated

46
Q

Which nerve fibers have motor and sensory targets?

A

Aalpha
A gamma
B
C

47
Q

Which class of fibers is used for Limb position
and Motion - muscle spindle
MOTOR - EXTRAfusal

A

Class A alpha

48
Q 
Which class of fibers is used for Skin, conscious proprioception, touch, pressure, vibration and
1B AFFERENT GOLGI tendon tension
A

Class A beta

49
Q

Which class is for FAST pain, cold, and hair follicles

A

Class A delta

50
Q

Which class of fibers is for SLOW pain, warmth, - has autonomic post-ganglionic fibers - grey rami

A

Class C

51
Q

Class B fibers are

A

for Preganglionic autonomic, white rami

52
Q

Where do the sensory relay neurons project

A
  1. To neurons in the dorsal horn to suppress the pain pathway
  2. to medullary and pontine reticular formations for alerting responses and modifying locomotor reflexes
  3. Superior colliculus to drive orientation
53
Q

AT THE first synapse what type of inhibition do you have/

A
  1. Cortical descending inhibition

2. Lateral inhibition to sharpen localization of the stimulus

54
Q

What is the function of the secondary somatosensory area? S2?

A

Receives signals from S1 and thalamus

Important for tactile memory

55
Q

Function of the Sensory association area?

A

Visual and somatosensory signals integrated

56
Q

Pitch is proportional to

A

Frequency (Hz)

57
Q

Intensity of sound is

A

Difference in pressure between compressed and rarefied patches of air - decibels, amplitude variation

58
Q

Movement of the ossicles is modulated by 2 muscles

A

Tensor tympani (V3)
Stapedius (7)
lesions there can result in hyperacusis

59
Q

The tympanic cavity is connected to 2 things

A
  1. Nasopharynx (via ET)

2. Mastoid air cells (via lots of channels)

60
Q

The 2 special sense organs in the inner ear are

A
  1. Vestibular apparatus : senses equilibrium

2. Cochlea - senses sound

61
Q

The scala vestibuli and scala tymapni both contain

A

Perilymph

62
Q

The membranous labyrinth contains

A

Endolymph - lots of K+

63
Q

The width of the basilar membrane is determined by

A

SIZE of the spiral lamina (INVERSELY)

64
Q

Where is the basilar membrane the widest?

A

AT THE APEX (narrow and stiff at the base)

65
Q

What is the name of the area through which the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are continuous?

A

At the Helicotrema

66
Q

WHich scala does the oval window fit into and what does it do

A

The Scala Vestibuli

- INITIATES pressure waves

67
Q

what does the round window do and where does it fit?

A

The scala tympani

- RELIEVES pressure waves

68
Q

What part of the inner ear contains the auditory receptor cells and what do they do?

A

Organ of Corti - converts sound energy into Action potentials

69
Q

Where is the frequency the lowest for the basilar membrane tonotopy?

A

AT THE APEX (higher frequency at the bASE)

70
Q

The stereocilia of which hair cells extend INTO the Tectorial membrane?

A

The stereo cilia of the Inner hair cells

71
Q

The longest or tallest hair cells are closer or further away from the modiolus?

A

They are furthest away

72
Q

When the basilar membrane moves up what happens to the stereo cilia (1) and to the hair cells (2)

A

1) The stereo cilia move OUT

2) The hair cells MOVE IN

73
Q

What is the receptor potential like when the stereo cilia bend towards the tallest hair cell?

A 
Depolarizing potential (towarD... Depolarize) - INCREASED K+ channel conductivity
INCREASE NT release at the base along spiral ganglion
74
Q

What is the receptor potential like when the stereo cilia bend away from the tallest hair cell?

A

Away… Hyper polarize

DECREASED K+ channel conductivity

75
Q

Which ion is the main driving force for receptor potentials in hair cells?

A

K+

76
Q

What is the function of the IHCs

A

Conduct auditory input by cochlear nerve

77
Q

What is the function of the OHCs

A

Amplify Basilar membrane movement (100X) during low intensity (low amplitude sound)

78
Q

When can you have deafness happening at what level?

A

At the cochlear nerve, damage to ear, or cochlear nucleus

ABOVE that all are bilaterally pathways

Neuroanatomy (12 decks)

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