Angel's lectures

Question 1

Want to increase reflex gain to ..

Answer 1

ensure correct postural control

Question 2

Want to decrease reflex gain to ..

Answer 2

prevent loss of balance

Question 3

The stumble corrective response is mediated by

Answer 3

Skin afferents in the feet

Question 4

Where does planned movement start?

Answer 4

In the premotor

In the Supplementary motor cortex

Question 5

What is tone?

Answer 5

Resistance felt as you manipulate a joint passively

Question 6

Spasticity is

Answer 6

Increased velocity-dependent tone
+
Exaggerated stretch reflexes (increased amplitude and briskness)

Question 7

Clonus is

Answer 7

Rapid successions of stretch reflexes - best felt at ankle

Question 8

What does pharmacological treatment of spasticity include?

Answer 8

Reducing transmission between the 1a afferent and motor neuron

Question 9

Functions of the vestibulocerebellum

Answer 9

Balance, eye movement

Question 10

Function of the spinocerebellum

Answer 10

Descending motor systems, regulate limb movement, posture and stance

Question 11

Function of the cerebrocerebellum (dentate nucleus) projects to VL thalamus

Answer 11

To motor and premotor cortex - motor planning, learning and fine hand movement

Question 12

The otolith organ (The saccule) detects linear motion how?

Answer 12

Up and down - in plane of gravity

Question 13

The otolith organ (the utricle) detects linear motion how?

Answer 13

ACCELERATION, side to side, in horizontal plane

Question 14

What detects angular velocity?

Answer 14

semi-circular canals

Question 15

Both utricle and saccule contain…

Answer 15

CILIA as part of the receptor

and ottoconia on the top of the cilia

Question 16

What do the otolith crystals do

Answer 16

Push against cilia, give a sense of gravity, respond to linear acceleration

Question 17

What happens when hair cells bend towards the Kinocilium?

Answer 17

Increased firing of nerve 8, depolarization

Question 18

What happens when hair cells bend away from the Kinocilium?

Answer 18

Decrease firing, hyper polarized receptor

Question 19

Moving the head the left….. the left hair cells, and …. the right hair cells

Answer 19

Excites the left
inhibits the right
(fluid moves to the right)

Question 20

Which cranial nerves are excited and how when head is turned to left - so left hair cells are excited?

Answer 20

IpsilateraL 3

Contralateral 6

Question 21

In Nystagmus - the fast phase is in what direction of rotation

Answer 21

In the same direction - Slow phase an attempt to maintain visual fixation

Question 22

What does the vestibulo, cortico, and reticulo spinal pathways do

Answer 22

Control reflex gain
Select motor program
Activate groups of motor neurons

Question 23

Vestibulospinal pathway has bias towards what type of musculature?

Answer 23

Extensors

Question 24

Hemiballism is due to

Answer 24

Lesion in contralateral subthalamic nulceus

Question 25

1B afferents, do NOT make connections with alpha motor neurons….

Answer 25

They connect with inhibitory 1b interneurons

Question 26

what are the hallmarks of the uMN syndrome>

Answer 26

1. weakness
2. Babinski
3. hyperreflexia
4. clasp knife

Question 27

What is the first part of the clasp knife phenomenon due to?

Answer 27

1. Exaggerated stretch reflex

2. Reverse flexion

Question 28

For the basal ganglia what is the major output nucleus?

Answer 28

GP interna