Notes chapter 19 Flashcards
MyPlate ?
-Divided into four different color section
-vegetables, fruit , grains,and protein
-increase intake of fruit ,vegetables and whole grains, and reduce amount sodium and sugary food diet
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ?
Current of these guidelines it focuses on healthy eating patterns as a whole rather than on individual nutrients or foods.
Dietary reference intake ( DRI )?
refers to a set of nutrient based values for evaluating and planning diets
A nutrient?
is a chemical compound or element necessary for good health that is found in food
Essential nutrients?
are nutrients that the body cannot make in the amounts essential for good health ; therefore it is necessary to obtain these nutrients through the diet or from other sources
There are six classes of essential nutrients *?
carbohydrates , fats , proteins , vitamins , minerals , and water .
Three major functions of nutrients include?
(1 ) providing energy , ( 2) building and repairing tissue , and ( 3) regulating body processes
Providing energy - A kilocalorie ( kcal )*?
is a measurement of energy , much as a pound is a measurement of weight
-a certain food has X number of kilocalories , it provides that amount of energy -more kilocalories a food has , the more energy it provides
Of the six essential nutrients *?
energy three provide energy : carbohydrates , fats , and proteins -Vitamins , minerals , and water do not provide but are nonetheless essential nutrients
Carbohydrates?
(CHO) are organic compounds containing carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen
Carbohydrates are classified as either?
simple (monosaccharides,disaccharide) or complex (polysaccharide)according to the number of sugar units
Simple carbohydrates?-
Carbohydrates are made of molecular units called saccharides, or sugar units.
-include the monosaccharides and the disaccharides
-Monosaccharides have only one sugar unit -Glucose often is called “blood glucose “ because it is the major form of saccharides , or sugar , in the blood .
-Disaccharides are made up of two sugar units bonded together -are reduce by hydrolysis’ into monosaccharides before being absorbed
Complex carbohydrates?
Complex carbohydrates are termed polysaccharides because they are made of long chains of glucose (sugar) units
Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides food?
-Glucose Dextrose , corn syrup -Fructose Fruits , honey , high fructose corn syrup -Galactose Milk (only found in lactose)
Simple Carbohydrates Disaccharides food?
-Sucrose Table sugar , sugarcane , beet sugar , powdered and brown sugar , fruits
-Lactose milk
-Maltose malted grains products
Complex Carbohydrates food ?
Starch Grains and grain products (e.g., cereals , breads , crackers , pasta , rice , legumes , corn , potatoes , vegetables ) -Glycogen No significant dietary source ( storage form of carbohydrate in animal tissue )
-Dietary fiber Whole grains , legumes , fruits, vegetables , nuts, seeds
Glycogen?
- also called animal starch, is the stored form of carbohydrates -is made from simple sugars and stored mainly in the liver and in muscles -is used when the body’s blood glucose level is low .
Dietary fiber? .
-refers to foods that humans cannot break down ( digest )
-Fiber does provide roughage , or bulk which is important for health maintenance
-It can lower cholesterol and blood glucose levels and assist in weight loss
Insoluble fiber is found in ? (Look pic)
-wheat bran, vegetables , whole grains, and some fibrous fruits.
-Insoluble fiber softens stools, speeds transit of foods through the digestive tract , and reduces pressure in the colon .-Thus it may help relieve constipation
Water-soluble fiber is found?
- in fruits, oats, barley , and legumes.
-It binds with bile acids and cholesterol in the digestive tract to prevent their absorption
-helps lower cholesterol levels and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease .
-Soluble fiber attracts water
Lipids are?
organic substances of a fatty nature that are insoluble in water and necessary for good health
-Fats and cholesterol are lipids
Lipids perform many functions in the body?
they provide the most concentrated source of energy of all the nutrients
Dietary fat provides satiety ?
a feeling of fullness and satisfaction from food
Saturated fatty acids ?
saturated fatty acid is one whose chemical bonds are filled completely , or saturated , with hydrogen
-Saturated fats are generally of animal origin -increase blood cholesterol levels , thus increasing the risk for atherosclerosis ( the buildup of fatty deposits on the artery walls ) and heart disease
Unsaturated fatty acids?
An unsaturated fatty acid has places on its chemical chain in which hydrogen -mostly found plant
Hydrogenation is?
a process in which hydrogen is added to a fat of vegetable origin ( unsatu rated ) to make it more saturated or solid
Trans fatty acids are?
-unsaturated fatty acids that have been completely hydrogenated -trans fatty acids are found in smaller amounts in dairy products and some meats
Coconut, palm, and palm kernel ( tropical olls) Fat in and on meats and poultry Egg yolk Butter, cream , milk fat Cocoa butter Olive oil, olives?
Saturated
Canola oil Peanuts and peanut oil Most other nuts Avocados?
Monounsaturated
Safflower oil Sunflower oil Cottonseed oil Soybean oil Corn oil Most fish oil ?
Polyunsaturated
Partially hydrogenated plant and fish oils Stick margarines , shortening Commercial fats used for frying baking?
Tans
is a lipid belonging to a class of chemical substances called sterols.?
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a building block for cell membranes and for hormones such as ?
estrogen and testosterone -is synthesized in the liver and is found in foods of animal origin
Digestion and metabolism of fat?
- For fat to be digested it must be emulsified, or broken into smaller globules
-Bile, a secretion of the liver, is necessary to emulsify fat. -Bile is stored in the gallbladder
Lipoproteins are?
molecules made of lipids surrounded by protein
It appears that the cholesterol found in LDLs
Low-density lipoprotein ?
increases the risk of atherosclerosis by contributing to plaque buildup on the artery walls - “bad “ cholesterol ,
HDLs transport
High-density lipoprotein?
cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver to be degraded and excreted
-“good “ cholestero
Photo pg 530
Look photo
Protein is another nutrient vital to the human body Proteins provide?
- the building blocks for blood and bone and they are a structural part of every cell
-Collagen , a vital connective tissue , is made of protein
-Some hormones , including thyroxine and insulin are proteins -Enzymes are proteins produced by living cells
Soluble Fiber (select all apply )? Food
Oat bran, barley, nuts, seeds, citrus , apples , strawberries , and many vegetables
Insoluble Fiber?
Whole wheat and grains vegetables and wheat bran
Amino acids*?
- are the building blocks of protein
-Approximately 20 amino acids have been identified as important to the body’s metabolism
-but only 9 of them are considered indispensable (essential ) amino acids
A complete protein is?
one that contains all nine essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio for the body’s needs
-Complete proteins are generally of animal origin and are found in foods such as meat , poultry , fish , milk , I cheese , eggs , and soy products
Incomplete proteins *?
-those that are lacking in one or more of the essential amino acids .
-Incomplete proteins are of plant origin
-This includes the protein in grains , legumes , nuts , and seeds
Vegetarian diets* ?
-people who choose to limit their intake of animal foods , obtaining sufficient amounts of protein may be challenging
-vegan diet exclude all animals product more planning -of vitamin in the d because
- vitamin B_{12} is found exclusively in animal foods.
Nitrogen balance , or nitrogen equilibrium , is achieved?
when the amount of nitrogen ( protein ) taken in is equal to the amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine
Positive nitrogen balance?
-In this situation , the body is building more tissue ( anabolism ) than it is breaking down
-This is seen during periods of growth , such as infancy , childhood , adolescence , and pregnancy
Negative nitrogen balances?
-this condition occurs when insufficient protein is being taken in and the body is breaking down more tissue (catabolism ) than it is building
Protein energy malnutrition?
When there is a lack of energy or protein intake , protein energy malnutrition ( PEM ) may result
PEM usually is ?
accompanied by multiple nutrient deficiencies and can lead to stunted growth and impaired Cognitive development in children, reduced mental and physical capacity, and lowered resistance to infections.
Vitamins are?
organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for normal metabolism and for growth and maintenance of the body
Vitamins A , D , E , and K are *?
fat soluble . Fat - soluble vitamins are absorbed from the intestine in the same way as fats , and , like fats , they can be stored in the body
The water - soluble vitamins are?
those that dissolve in water and include the B vitamins and vitamin C
-the body doesn’t store
Egg yolks , liver , milk Carrots , winter squash , sweet potatoes , spinach , collards ,kale , broccoli , apricots , cantaloupe ?
Vitamin A ^ food sources
Vitamin A Function?
Vision, epithelial tissue integrity, growth, reproduction , embryonic development , immune function
Vitamin B_{12} ( cyanocobalamin ) food sources ?
- Animal products ( meat , fish , poultry , milk , dairy products , eggs )
Vitamin B_{12} ( cyanocobalamin ) function ?
-Synthesis of new cells, maintenance of nerve cells
-Deficiency Pernicious anemia : macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin C ?
-It contributes to the healing of wounds , burns , and fractures ; it serves as an antioxidant and necessary adrenal gland function
B - complex vitamins ?
All are water soluble , and all are necessary for proper metabolism .
Niacin (vitamin B 3 ) is important?
in the production of energy from glucose and is involved in the repair of DNA.
Folate (folic acid)?
Folate is a water - soluble B vitamin that is the natural form found in foods such as spinach lentils , and garbanzo beans
Vitamin B_{12} Cyanocobalamin?
plays an essential part in the production of hemoglobin and myelin
pernicious anemia*?
(a progressive macrocytic Larger abnorma and megaloblastic decrease number cells anemia ) develops
Megaloblastic anemia is a form of macrocytic anemia
Need B12
Vitamin A two form ?
an antioxidant and a fat-soluble vitamin, is available in two forms: retinol (preformed) and carotene ( provitamin)
Vitamin D?
promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus , which in turn promote bone and tooth health
Vitamin K plays a role *?
in blood clotting .
-There are two forms of vitamin K : one is present in green , leafy vegetables * and the other is made by intestinal bacteria
Minerals?
differ from vitamins: they are inorganic, and they are single elements rather than compounds -functions without providing energy
Calcium is important in the formation *?
-of bones and teeth ; it plays a role in blood clotting
-it plays a role in the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle action
-It is also important for metabolic reactions throughout the body
Osteoporosis?
is an abnormal reduction in bone density that leads to bone pain, fractures , loss of stature , and deformities such as kyphosis (hunched back)
Milk, cheese, milk products, green, leafy vegetables, broccoli , legumes , fish with bones , fortified cereals
-Formation and maintenance of bones and teeth, blood clotting , nerve conduction , muscle contraction ?
Calcium food sources and function
Chloride food sources and function? ,
Salt, processed foods, water supply
-Fluid and acid-base balance Salt
Iron food sources and function ?
-Clams, liver, oysters, meat, poultry, fish, legumes, whole and enriched grains , fortified cereals
-Part of hemoglobin and myoglobin ; necessary for oxygen transport and use in the body ; part of some enzymes ; energy metabolism
Potassium food sources and function ?
-Sweet potatoes , fruits , vegetables, fresh meat, legumes , milk
-Nerve conduction ; muscle contraction, including the heart ; fluid and acid -base balance
Sodium food sources and function?
-Salt , processed foods , small amounts in whole unprocessed foods
-Fluid and acid-base balance , nerve conduction , muscle contraction
Sodium?
-In the body, sodium functions as an electrolyte ( a compound that can conduct an electrical current)
-approximately 3400 mg of sodium per day
-Because sodium may be lost with heavy sweating , diarrhea , vomiting , renal disease , and cystic fibrosis , it is important to monitor sodium levels
Potassium ?
also an electrolyte , is needed for conduction of nerve impulses and the contraction of muscles , including the heart muscle -helps maintain acid - base balance and is required for conversion of glucose to glycogen
Iron *?
is an essential part of hemoglobin , myoglobin , and many enzymes throughout the body
Iron - deficiency anemia seems to be the *?
most prevalent nutritional problem in the world , and it may result not car only from inadequate iron in the diet but also excessive blood loss , absorption problems , and hemoglobin production problems
Chromium is necessary for?
glucose metabolism and seems to work with insulin in regulating blood glucose levels
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION?
Nutrient needs are greater during periods of intensive growth , such as pregnancy and infancy , than at any other time during the life cycle .
These additional calories should be from nutrient - dense foods?
( foods that contain large amounts of nutrients in relation to kilocalories ). For a detailed discussion
During lactation?
woman should follow a diet similar to that followed during pregnancy
Infancy ?
Breast milk or iron -fortified infant formula is recommended for the entire first year of life.
-Breast milk contains antibodies and easily digested fats.
CHILDHOOD?
At approximately 1 year of age , appetite generally tapers off, and the growth rate slows
ADOLESCENCE?
Puberty is another time in the child’s life when growth is very rapid and nutrition becomes more important for proper development.
During adulthood ?,
nutrient needs change little in comparison with those of the adolescent
The clear liquid diet is ?
nonirritating and consists of liquids that are easily digested and absorbed and leave little residue , or waste , in the GI tract
The body uses this energy to maintain necessary, involuntary body functions, also called basal metabolic rate (BMR) ?
to digest nutrients , diet-induced thermogenesis , and for physical activity.
Measurement of obesity and BMI ?
Obesity is defined as an excess of adipose tissue or body fat above the level considered healthy
-Body mass index ( BMI ) is a number calculated from a person’s weight and height
Obesity is caused by the chronic energy imbalance that results when more energy is consumed than expended. It is a complex disease, and?
Etiology of obesity.
-Treatment of should be treated as a complex , chronic , relapsing disease
Diabetes Mellitusing Carbohydrate ?
- modified diets are used most often in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
-Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar , starches , and other food into the energy needed for daily life
Type 1?
-most often diagnosed in children and young adults, is a disease in which the body does not produce any insulin ( hormone produced by the pancreas needed to use glucose ).
-People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin therapy for life.
Type 2 diabetes?
mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from the body’s inability to make enough or properly use insulin.
-The primary goals of nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes are to achieve and maintain desirable weight, normal blood cholesterol concentration, and normal blood glucose levels
Dumping syndrome?
is possible after surgery in which a portion or all of the stomach is removed ( partial or total gastrectomy) or after bariatric surgery for weight reduction.
Lactose intolerance occurs?
when there is a lack of the digestive enzyme lactase
Protein-Restricted Diets?-
In disease states , increased protein intake often is needed to facilitate healing -In renal failure , the kidneys are unable to excrete protein waste products .
Sodium-Restricted Diets Sodium-restricted diets treatment ?
of hypertension or heart failure
Potassium -Modified Diets Potassium plays many important roles in the body ?,
a lack of , or an increase in the amounts of , potassium can cause a variety of problems
-Increased intake of potassium may help with blood pressure control
Basic Nutrition and Nutritional Therapy?
-Nutrition is the total of all processes involved in the taking in and utilization of food substances for proper growth , functioning , and maintenance of health
-Nutrition plays a role directly or indirectly and all body processes
The nurse can promote good nutrition?
Helping the patient understand the importance of diet and encouraging dietary compliance Serving meal trays to patients in a prompt and positive manner Assisting some patients with the eating process -Taking and recording patient’s weight Recording patient’s intake Observing clinical signs of poor nutrition and reporting them Serving as a communication link
Diet Planning Guides?
-To help people maintain optimal nutrition -Standards are guidelines describing how good dietary habits can promote health and reduce the risk for major chronic diseases -Dietary Guidelines for Americans Dietary reference intakes (DRIs )
Essential nutrients are those that our bodies cannot make in amounts necessary for good health The six classes of essential nutrients are?
carbohydrates ,fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
Fats?
- These are a group of organic substances of a fatty nature that are insoluble in water and are necessary in the body for good health
-Saturated fatty acids
-Unsaturated fatty acids
- Trans-fatty acids
- Cholesterol
Protein?
makes up the bulk of the body’s lean tissues and organs it is necessary for tissue growth and repair and wound healing
-Complete proteins Incomplete proteins
Vitamins?
- They are needed in small amounts ; toxicity may occur with overconsumption
-Fat-soluble - A, D , E, and K -Water- soluble B and C vitamins
Life Cycle Nutrition?
Pregnancy and lactation Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood
Nutrient -Drug Interactions?
- Drugs may alter food intake by either increasing or decreasing appetite or the ability to eat
-They may also affect the absorption , metabolism , and excretion of certain nutrients
-Food intake and vitamin /mineral supplementation may affect the absorption , distribution , metabolism , and action of some medications
Medical Nutrition Therapy and Therapeutic Diets?
- Medical nutrition therapy is the use of specific nutritional variations to build good health
- A diet used as a medical treatment is called a therapeutic diet
-Consistency , texture , and frequency modifications
High - Kilocalorie and High - Protein Diets?
-During times of physiologic stress, the body’s energy and protein needs are increased
-Diet should provide increased amounts of kilocalories and protein in small volumes -
-The diet should still provide a balance of foods from all of the food groups
-Nutritional support in the form of tube feedings or IV feedings may be considered
Obesity?
-Kilocalorie - controlled and low
-kilocalorie diets
-Used in the treatment of obesity and in the prevention of excess weight gain -Measurements of obesity Height and weight tables Body mass index (BMI) Body composition Waist circumference
Diabetes Mellitus?
- Type 1 Type 2 -Primary goals for medical nutrition therapy -Improve metabolic control by achieving and maintaining optimal blood glucose -Provide adequate energy for maintenance of a reasonable body weight -Prevent acute and chronic complications of diabetes -Improve overall health through optimal nutrition
Fat - Modified Diets Fat ?
- controlled diets To prevent and treat atherosclerosis , heart disease , and hyperlipidemia
-Limits total fat , saturated fat, and trans
-fatty acids
-Rather than totally eliminating high
-fat foods, encourages moderation
- Low-fat diets ?
All fats limited, regardless of saturation Used for diseases that involve malabsorption of fat
Protein, Electrolyte , and Fluid Modified Diets?
Protein- restricted diet Sodium-restricted diet Potassium-modified diets Fluid-modified diets
Tube feedings?
Administration of nutritionally balanced liquefied foods or formula though a tube inserted into the stomach , duodenum , or jejunum by way of a nasogastric tube or a feeding ostomy
