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URS classes > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Atmospheric conditions favorable flight

A

High pressure = high density = low density altitudes

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2
Q

Atmospheric conditions less than favorable flight

A

Low pressure = low density = high density altitudes

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3
Q

One half of weight atmosphere is contained at ____________ ft within

A

18,000

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4
Q

90% of weight atmosphere is contained within ________ ft

A

53,000

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5
Q

Left side of the chart

A
  1. 92 inches of mercury or Hg (hotel golf)
  2. 2 mb or Hp

1 inch per 1,000 ft

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6
Q

Right side of the chart

A

15 C
59 F

2 degrees per 1,000 ft

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7
Q

Three components of atmosphere density

A

Temperature, pressure, humidity

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8
Q

Air density favorable increase

A

Pressure high
Temperature low
Humidity low

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9
Q

Air density not favorable decrease

A

Pressure low
Temperature high
Humidity high

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10
Q

Two pressures related to atmosphere

A

Static and dynamic

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11
Q

5 names of pressures related to pitot

A

Static, impact, ram, total, pitot

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12
Q

Indicated altitude

A

Is read of the face of an instrument with the current kollsman setting

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13
Q

True altitude

A

Is the height above MSL

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14
Q

Absolute altitude

A

Is height above surface or terrain

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15
Q

Pressure altitude

A

Is height above standard datum plane

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16
Q

Density altitude

A

Is density corresponding to a given altitude in standard atmosphere

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17
Q

Two errors

A

Instrument and installation

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18
Q

IAS

A

Read directly off instrument and is un corrected

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19
Q

CAS

A

IAS corrected for instrument and installation error

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20
Q

TAS

A

CAS corrected for density error

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21
Q

Ground speed

A

Is an airspeed resultant based on headwind and tailwind assistance.

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22
Q

ASI diaphragm vented

A

Pitot

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23
Q

ASI case vented

A

Static

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24
Q

VSI diaphragm vented

A

Direct static pressure

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25
Q

VSI case vented

A

Calibrated leak

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26
Q

Calibrated leak causes a lag delay of

A

A few seconds

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27
Q

What is the difference between VSI and IVSI?

A

Accelerometer

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28
Q

Airfoil

A

Surfaced body or structure which produces a lift or thrust

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29
Q

Chordline

A

An invisible line that protrudes through airfoil on which all angles and winds are measured

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30
Q

Chord

A

Provides longitudinal dimension of the airfoil and is self contained

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31
Q

Camber

A

Is shape or curvature of the airfoil expressed as the upper or lower

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32
Q

Span

A

Measured from root to the tip of the blade

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33
Q

Center of pressure

A

Aerodynamic forces are considered to act most critical part of airfoil

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34
Q

3 types of airfoil

A

Symmetrical, non symmetrical, unsymmetrical

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35
Q

As the blade passes the tail and enters the right side

A

Blade advances into relative wind, blade begins to speed up, the blade begins to flap up

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36
Q

Left side of rotational disc

A

Retreats from relative wind, slowdown and flap down

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37
Q

Rotational wind

A

Is parallel and in the same direction as the blades.

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38
Q

Rotational relative wind

A

Is parallel and opposite the flight path of the blades

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39
Q

Induced flow

A

Air flowing vertically through the center of the rotor system.

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40
Q

Resultant relative wind

A

Rotational relative wind modified by induced flow

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41
Q

What is the only way to reduce the effects of induced flow?

A

Forward airspeed

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42
Q

Angle of incidence

A

Is measured from the chord and the plane of rotation

Mechanical angle

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43
Q

Angle of attack

A

Is measured from the chord and the resultant relative wind

Aerodynamic angle

44
Q

What is the cause of all aviation stalls?

A

Exceeding the critical angle of attack

45
Q

What happens to angle of attack as induced flow increases?

A

Angle of attack decreases

46
Q

Two components of TAF and it’s related term

A

Lift and drag

Resultant force

47
Q

4 types of drag

A

Induced, parasite, profile, total drag

48
Q

Induced drag

A

Induced flow and Rotor tip vortices

Most critical in hover

49
Q

Profile drag

A

Caused by frictional resistance of the lift-producing surfaces (rotor blades) passing through the air relatively unchanged in flight

50
Q

Parasitic drag

A

Decrease or increase proportionally with airspeed created by non-lifting comp everything else including skin

51
Q

Total drag

A

Used to compute some airspeed limitations

Sum of induced, profile, and parasite drag

52
Q

How does the disk tilt in a semi-rigid rotor system?

A

Relative to the mast

53
Q

Articulated or rigid rotors tilt

A

Relative to the hub

54
Q

Centrifugal force

A

The most dominant force is the the turning rotor; other forces act to modify this force.

Outward force on curve path of the body

Provides rigidity to the rotor system

55
Q

Conning

A

Is an upward flexing

56
Q

What is the compromise of the rotor blade coning?

A

Lift and centrifugal force

57
Q

Four causes of excessive coning

A

Low RPM
High gross weight
High G-maneuvers
Turbulent air

58
Q

3 adverse effects of excessive coning

A

Loss of disk area - inverted umbrella
Loss of total lift
Stress on blades - cracks, fractures, separation

59
Q

Why do we twist the blades in standard American helicopter?

A

Blade twist is necessary to distribute the lifting force more evenly alone the blade. (Verbatim)

60
Q

How do we twist the blade?

A

Higher pitch angle at root of the blade

Lower pitch angle at tip of blade

61
Q

What is the torque effect on a single rotor helicopter?

A

A counter-clockwise turning rotor turns the fuselage clockwise

62
Q

3 ways the helicopter compensates for translating tendency

A

Rigging the cyclic to the left

Tilt the mast to the left

Left cyclic input by the pilot

63
Q

Rotation produces

A

A relative wind

64
Q

Total force acts

A

Perpendicular to the tip path

65
Q

2 components of TF or total force

A

Lift and thrust

66
Q

You are in ground effect up to what altitude?

A

One rotor disc diameter measured from the rotor disc to the surface (verbatim)

67
Q

Translational lift

A

Additional lift obtained because of the increased efficiency of the rotor system

68
Q

How can a helicopter obtain ETL?

A

Through horizontal flight or hovering in a head wind

16 - 24 KTS

69
Q

Transverse flow effect

A

10 to 20 KTS

Forward half induced flow is decreasing and angle of attack is increasing

aft half induced flow maintained

70
Q

Settling with power

A

A vertical or near vertical descent rate of at least 300 ft/ min

Engine must be using at least 20% to 100%

Speed less than ETL

71
Q

First two physical responses to entering settling with power?

A

Increase airspeed with cyclic

Reduce collective pitch as altitude permits

72
Q

One recovery procedure for Dynamic rollover?

A

Smooth moderate collective reduction

73
Q

Primary cause for retreating blade stall?

A

Excessive airspeed

74
Q

Symptoms of RBS?

A

Violent pitch up of the nose

Failing to the left side

75
Q

Recovery of RBS?

A

Reduce collective

Regain control of aircraft

76
Q

When variant used

A

variant is used when varies 60 deg or more and the wind is >6 KTS

77
Q

Sky coverage

A 
SKC/CLR = refers to unlimited vis around the horizon circle above and up 12,000 feet
FEW = Trace to 25%
SCT = 50%
BRN = 75%
OVC = 100%
VV = Vertical Visibility used as the ceiling in metar when skies are considered totally obscured.
78
Q

RVR

A

runway visual range, effective runway and 100’s of feet

Only given when less than one SM and less than 6000 ft

79
Q

Autorotation

A

The flight condition during which no engine power is supplied and the main rotor is driven by the action of relative wind

80
Q

3 causes of Dynamic rollover

A

Establish a pivot point
Initiate rolling motion
Exceeding the critical angle

81
Q

Two factors for entering dynamic rollover

A

Human and physical

82
Q

FAA ceiling definition

A

Lowest layer a loft which is broken or overcast, or VV is used when considered to be totally obscured.

83
Q

Purpose of the kollsman window?

A

Corrects for barometric pressure changes

84
Q

Max mechanical altimeter error?

A

+ or - 75 feet

85
Q

To determine the accuracy limit in a new aircraft what must you do?

A

Maintenance or reference manuals

86
Q

In reference to the max mechanical altimeter error give me the two steps you do when entering a cockpit

A

Set altimeter to field elevation look at the kollsman window. Then get current altimeter setting and compare it by subtracting them to see if your within limits.

87
Q

Newtons 1st law of

A

Inertia

All flight forces are equal

88
Q

Newtons 2nd law of

A

Acceleration

Change to any outside force

89
Q

Newtons 3rd law of

A

Action/reaction

Torque effect- takeoff to hover

90
Q

Practical definition of ETL?

A

Rotor system completely outruns the recirculation of old vortices and begins to operate in clean air.

91
Q

During autorotation aerodynamic equilibrium

A

Maintain rotor rpm within acceptable limits

92
Q

Altimeter is a aneroid barometer with adjustable barometric scale which is visible in what part of the cockpit?

A

Kollsman window

93
Q

What happens to IAS if the pitot pressure increases?

A

Airspeed increases

94
Q

Pitot static system dumps

A

All three are effected

95
Q

Increase of airspeed of over a airfoil?

A

Dynamic increases and static decreases

96
Q

Relative wind speeds

A

Add on the right

Subtract on the left

97
Q

Lifts relationship to the resultant relative wind?

A

Perpendicular

98
Q

Drags relationship to the resultant relative wind?

A

Parallel and in the same direction

99
Q

Diss of lift

A

Unequal lift on the advancing and retreating sides of the disc

100
Q

In regards to induced flow

On the advancing side of the blade what happens to the angle of attack?

A

Decreases

101
Q

In regards to induced flow

On the retreating side of the blade what happens to the angle of attack?

A

Increases

102
Q

What attitude will the rotor be in if we had blowback

A

Fwd-angle up

Aft-angle low

103
Q

Diss of lift for blowback

A

Fwd cyclic feathering

104
Q

What other event based on it’s causes pertains to retreating blade stall?

A

Excessive coning

105
Q

In autorotation what will happen to rpm in a turn

A

They will increase

106
Q

Weather proximity stations

A

On station (OS) - from center of runway complex within 5 sm
Vicinity (VC) - between 5-10 sm
Distant (DSNT) - beyond 10 sm

URS classes (4 decks)

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