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Molecular Biology Test 1 > Notes 5 & 6 > Flashcards

Notes 5 & 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

1kb=

A

1000 base pairs

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2
Q

1 Mb=

A

1,000,000 base pairs

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3
Q

premRNA also known as

A

heterogenous nuclear RNA

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4
Q

3 ways genes can code for multiple proteins

A
  1. Alternative starts and stops
  2. New reading frame
  3. Splicing
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5
Q

Genome

A

complete set of sequences in genetic material of organisms

includes DNA in chromosomes and mitochondria

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6
Q

Transcriptome

A

Set of RNA present in a cell, tissue, or organism
Complexity due to mRNAs
Will vary depending on tissue

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7
Q

Proteome

A

set of proteins expressed by entire genome within a cell at any one time
why kidneys look nothing like heart
depends on tissue

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8
Q

Interactome

A

complete set of protein-protein interactions

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9
Q

Metabolome

A

metabolites: glucose, pyrivic acid, lactic acid

Little molecules that make us work

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10
Q

Linkage Maps

A

based on frequency of recombination between genetic markers

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11
Q

Linkage break

A

more likely to occur between genes that are further apart

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12
Q

Restirction Map

A

get different band sizes based on where restriction site cut

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13
Q

Which exon sequences are more likely to be toward each end

A

AG at 5’

GT at 3’

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14
Q

synteny

A

pieces of other organisms are in our genome (conserved, linked sequences)
mouse and human chromosomes show conserved regions

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15
Q

What organelles are maternally inhertied

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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16
Q

Why are they easy to map?

A

There isn’t recombination

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17
Q

3 things our mitochondria code for

A

13 proteins
2 rRNAs
22 tRNAs

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18
Q

D-loop

A

where the origin of replication is in mitochondria

Can be variable in size and sequence

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19
Q

Endosymbiant Theory

A

Mitochondria used to be bacteria.

Went in cell for protection and in exchange they gave energy

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20
Q

Characteristics of mitos

A

Circular DNA
Usually only get one single transcript
Have own ribosomes

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21
Q

For bacteria, ______ relates to ________

A

genome size relates to gene number

22
Q

Does genome size relate to gene number for eukaryotes?

A

NO

23
Q

Moncistronic

A

codes for one polypeptide

24
Q

Polycistronic

A

mRNA has regions representing more than one gene

25
Q

Gene families

A

Genes with conservd functions and similarities, like histones

26
Q

The larger the genome, the….

A

more gene families

27
Q

What % is protein encoding in the human genome?

A

1%

28
Q

How does only the 25-30,000 genes encode for more?

A

Alternative splicing (mRNA), alternative starts/stops, modification via phosphorylation, glycosylation, acetylation, and methylation

29
Q

Transposons

A

genes that jump around

Most are evolutionary remnants

30
Q

Alu sequences

A

evolutionary transposons that are very large

31
Q

SINE

A

short interspersed nuclear elements

32
Q

LINE

A

long interspersed nuclear element

33
Q

What’s special about the Y chromosome

A

The genes are highly conserved and maintained in multiple copies. There is gene conversion so a mutation in one of them may not have effects

34
Q

Differential gene expression

A

10,000 genes change function

Can be specific to a certain area

35
Q

Housekeeping gene

A

expressed in a cell because it provides basic functions needed for sustenance
Example: cytokinesis and ribosomal proteins, histones, phosphofructose kinase

36
Q

M chromosome

A

has centromere in middle

known as metacentric

37
Q

Sub-M chromosome

A

Has centromere more towards one side

Sub-metacentric

38
Q

A chromosome

A

has centromere far towards one side

Acrocentric

39
Q

Chromo and soma mean..

A

color

body

40
Q

How did chromosomes get their name?

A

Stain darkly with aniline dyes

41
Q

P arm

A

short arm of chromosome

42
Q

Q arm

A

long arm of chromosome

43
Q

Holocentric chromosomes

A

have multiple copies of chromosomes along their entire length
multiple spindle fibers with diffuse centromeres

44
Q

Monocentric chromosomes

A

only one centromere

45
Q

Contemporary definition of cytogenetics

A

techniques of cytology and molecular biology used to study heredity

46
Q

Karyotype

A

complete set of chromosomes

47
Q

Condensed metaphase chromosomes

A

used for research

48
Q

first human chromosome sequenced

A

number 22

49
Q

How was the first chromosome sequenced

A

BAC and YAC sequencing

Specifically used BAC since a YAC one could’ve recombined with the human sequence

50
Q

Shotgun random sequencing

A

Developed by Celeragenomics where they sequenced the whole genome
Was used to complete 180 Mbp gene of D. melanogaster

Molecular Biology Test 1 (4 decks)

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