Notes Flashcards
What are the 2 definitions of vernacular?
- Standard native language of a country or locality
2. Everyday language specific to a region or social group
What is linguistics?
The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language
What is colloquial speech?
Words used in ordinary conversation rather than formal speech
What is slang?
Language used in casual or playful speech
- uses figures of speech
- requires familiarity
- usually intended for humor
What is prescriptive grammar?
Structure of language as people think it should be used
- rules and conventions
- school grammar
- formal speech
What is descriptive grammar?
Structure of language as it is actually used by speakers and writers
- studied by linguists
- casual setting
What is a parenthetic expression?
Group of words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence and can be omitted without changing the sentence’s meaning
What is a restrictive modifier?
Presents information essential to the identity of the noun
-no commas needed
What is a nonrestrictive modifier?
Presents info not essential to the identity of the noun
-requires commas
When is a dash used?
- too long or too abrupt
- modifiers contain commas
- highlight or emphasize info
When are parentheses used?
- asides
- multi sentence explanations
- downplay the info
What is the difference between the period and semi colon?
- semi colon suggests close relationship
- period provides distinct separation
How do you make a singular noun possessive?
Add ‘s no matter the final consonant
How do you make a plural noun possessive?
- Add just apostrophe if plural noun ends in s
- Add ‘s if it does not end in s
What are the 3 exceptions to Rule 1?
- Ancient names (apostrophe only)
- Archaic phrases (apostrophe only)
- Pronominal possessives (none)
- Noun ending in ‘z’ sound (‘ only)
