Notes 3

Question 1

Systematics

Answer 1

study of biodiversity (pat and present) and relationships among organisms

Question 2

Taxonomy

Answer 2

naming and classification of organisms

Question 3

Phylogenetics

Answer 3

understanding relationships among organisms

Question 4

Modern taxonomy

Answer 4

based on EVOLUTIONARY relationships

Question 5

Bootstrap values

Answer 5

part of phylogenetic tree

Show how reliable relationships are

Question 6

What is phylogenetic inference based on?

Answer 6

notion that similarity reflects common ancestry

Question 7

Character

Answer 7

any characterisitc of organisms used to infer phylogeny

Question 8

Character states

Answer 8

various ways a character can be

Question 9

Ancestral character state

Answer 9

state found in common ancestor of group under study (plesiomorphy)

Question 10

Derived character state

Answer 10

change from one ancestral state, found in one or more extant species/gene copies
(apomorphy)

Question 11

Autoapomorphy

Answer 11

derived state only found in one species

Question 12

Synapomorphy

Answer 12

shared derived state in many species

Question 13

What characters more accurately reflect relationships?

Answer 13

Shared derived characters

Question 14

2 ways that can unreliabily give relationships

Answer 14

1. sharing an ancestral state that hasn’t changed

2. Homoplasy

Question 15

How many mass extinctions have there been?

Answer 15

5

We’re in the middle of sixth one now

Question 16

What follows a mass extinction?

Answer 16

rapid diversificiation

Question 17

Big Bang

Answer 17

Around 14 million years ago the universe originated by explosion of extremely hot and dense particles

Question 18

Miller-Urey Experiment

Answer 18

Tested what chemicals would form under early earth conditions
Made more than 20 amino acids!

Question 19

Ribozymes

Answer 19

RNA molecules with catalytic properties

Question 20

Main phenotype of the first organisms

Answer 20

Speed and accuracy of replication

Question 21

Subduction

Answer 21

rock is dragged under into molten core of Earth

Question 22

What evidence do we have for early life?

Answer 22

Fossils in greenland have higher C12 to C13 which shows life took up oxygen some 3.7 billion years ago

Question 23

Precambrian

Answer 23

origin of life

Question 24

What form was the first life

Answer 24

prokaryotic

Question 25

Cambrain explosion

Answer 25

During 20 million year period, many marine mammals appeared

Question 26

Burgess Shale

Answer 26

Giant mudslide off the coast of Canada that preserved many marine species.
Included earliest marine invertebrates.

Question 27

Three theories of what caused the Cambrian explosion..

Answer 27

1. Evolution of hox genes
2. Increase in oxygen allowed for larger body size
3. more complex organsims lead to more complex interactions

Question 28

Paleozoic era

Answer 28

first marine echinoderms
Seed plant diversification
Land plant and animal diversification
Amniotes form

Question 29

When did the largest mass extinction on the planet occur?

Answer 29

Paleozoic era

Question 30

Mesozoic era

Answer 30

dinosaurs flourished

Question 31

K/T extinction

Answer 31

occured 65 million years ago
End of the dinosaurs
Due to meteorite impact in the Yucatan

Question 32

What survived K/T extinction?

Answer 32

plants

ancestors of modern birds

Question 33

Cenozoic era

Answer 33

massive diversification of mammals

primates appear

Question 34

Hominims

Answer 34

first human descendants six million years ago

Question 35

Characteristics of ice age

Answer 35

Cool/dry period
lower sea levels
occur ~ every 100,000 years

Question 36

How did life in north america arrive?

Answer 36

berring land bridge

Question 37

Path of humans..

Answer 37

Africa.. Asia/Europe… (neanderthals replaced)… Australia.. Russia… North America (Alaska)