Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Infectious And Communicable Diseases > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Define parasitemia

A

The density of parasites in the film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define agglutination

A

Clumping together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the social determinants of health

A

•water
•education
•income/employment
•housing
•nutrition
•marriage
•religion
•sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anyone who sells food should have what?

A

A food handler’s certificate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is a fever important?

A

It creates a hostile environment for the microbe. A degree increase in temperature increases the metabolism rate by 13%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between infection and disease?

A

Infection is the invasion of pathogens; disease occurs when the infection causes harm or symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the main types of infectious agents.

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and prions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define pathogenicity, virulence, and infectivity.

A

Pathogenicity: ability to cause disease; Virulence: severity of disease; Infectivity: ability to enter and multiply in the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the six links in the Chain of Infection?

A

Infectious agent, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Susceptible Host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give examples of modes of transmission.

A

Direct contact, indirect contact, droplet, airborne, vector-borne.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is R₀ (basic reproduction number)?

A

It’s the average number of people that one infected person can infect in a fully susceptible population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Differentiate horizontal and vertical transmission.

A

Horizontal: person-to-person; Vertical: from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the epidemiological triad?

A

Agent, Host, and Environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do pathogens evade host immunity?

A

Antigenic variation, hiding in cells, or suppressing immune responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some host defense mechanisms?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, immune cells, antibodies, and vaccines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is disease surveillance?

A

Monitoring disease trends, detecting outbreaks, and guiding public health responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name three key prevention and control methods.

A

Vaccination, quarantine/isolation, and infection prevention/control measures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?

A

When microbes evolve to resist medications, making infections harder to treat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

A

Emerging: new diseases (e.g. COVID-19); Re-emerging: known diseases that are increasing again (e.g. measles).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

A disease that spreads from animals to humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB)?

A

Persistent cough (over 2 weeks), night sweats, weight loss, chest pain, fever, coughing blood

TB is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.

22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Malaria?

A

Cyclical fever, chills, sweating, headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, fatigue

Malaria is caused by parasites transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes.

23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS?

A

Early: flu-like symptoms; Later: weight loss, recurrent infections, night sweats, chronic diarrhea, fatigue

HIV attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS if untreated.

24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of COVID-19?

A

Fever, dry cough, fatigue, loss of taste/smell, shortness of breath, sore throat, headache

COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and can lead to severe respiratory illness.

25
What are the signs and symptoms of Influenza (Flu)?
Sudden fever, chills, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, cough, runny nose ## Footnote Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses.
26
What are the signs and symptoms of Measles?
High fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots, red rash starting on face ## Footnote Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that can cause serious health complications.
27
What are the signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B?
Jaundice, dark urine, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, joint pain ## Footnote Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause chronic disease.
28
What are the signs and symptoms of Cholera?
Profuse watery diarrhea (“rice water”), vomiting, dehydration, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure ## Footnote Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
29
What are the signs and symptoms of Typhoid Fever?
Prolonged fever, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, rose spots on trunk, headache, weakness ## Footnote Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria and is often contracted through contaminated food or water.
30
What are the signs and symptoms of Dengue Fever?
High fever, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, muscle/joint pain, skin rash, mild bleeding (nose/gums) ## Footnote Dengue fever is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can lead to severe dengue, which can be life-threatening.
31
What are the signs and symptoms of Meningitis?
Sudden fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea, sensitivity to light, confusion ## Footnote Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
32
What are the signs and symptoms of Pneumonia?
Cough (with phlegm), chest pain, fever, difficulty breathing, fatigue, chills ## Footnote Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and affects the air sacs in one or both lungs.
33
What are the signs and symptoms of Syphilis?
Primary: painless sore; Secondary: skin rash, mucous patches; Tertiary: organ damage, neurological symptoms ## Footnote Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum.
34
What are the signs and symptoms of Gonorrhea?
Painful urination, discharge (penile/vaginal), pelvic pain, sometimes asymptomatic ## Footnote Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
35
What are the signs and symptoms of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)?
Painful blisters or ulcers, itching, tingling, flu-like symptoms during outbreaks ## Footnote HSV can cause genital herpes and oral herpes and remains in the body for life.
36
What are the signs and symptoms of Candidiasis (Thrush)?
White patches in mouth or throat, itching, soreness, difficulty swallowing (oral); itching, discharge (genital) ## Footnote Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida species.
37
How do live attenuated vaccines work?
They use a weakened form of the pathogen that can replicate without causing disease, stimulating a strong immune response.
38
Examples of live attenuated vaccines?
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), Yellow Fever, Oral Polio (OPV), BCG (for TB).
39
How do inactivated (killed) vaccines work?
They use a killed version of the pathogen, which cannot replicate but still triggers an immune response.
40
Examples of inactivated vaccines?
Inactivated Polio (IPV), Hepatitis A, Rabies, Influenza (some forms).
41
How do subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines work?
They use specific pieces of the pathogen (like proteins or sugars) to trigger a targeted immune response.
42
Examples of subunit/recombinant/conjugate vaccines?
Hepatitis B, HPV, Pertussis (part of DTaP), Pneumococcal, Meningococcal.
43
How do toxoid vaccines work?
They use inactivated toxins (toxoids) produced by bacteria to build immunity against the harmful effects of the toxin.
44
Examples of toxoid vaccines?
Tetanus, Diphtheria.
45
How do mRNA vaccines work?
They use messenger RNA to instruct cells to make a harmless piece of the virus (like the spike protein), prompting an immune response.
46
Examples of mRNA vaccines?
Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.
47
How do viral vector vaccines work?
They use a modified virus (not the virus that causes the disease) to deliver genetic instructions to cells to produce an antigen.
48
Examples of viral vector vaccines?
Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) COVID-19 vaccine, AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.
49
What is the key benefit of live attenuated vaccines?
Strong, long-lasting immunity often with just one or two doses.
50
What is a key consideration with live attenuated vaccines?
Not recommended for people with weakened immune systems.
51
Why are inactivated vaccines considered safer for immunocompromised people?
Because they cannot replicate or cause disease at all.
52
Why might subunit vaccines require booster doses?
Because they use only parts of the pathogen, which may produce a weaker initial immune response.

Infectious And Communicable Diseases (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions