Exam Qs Flashcards
Define quarantine
This is to separate and restrict movement to the people who we suspect to have the disease due to exposure but are not showing any symptoms at the moment.
Define isolation
This is when we separate and take care of the people that are confirmed cases or who are already infected with a contagious disease.
Define contact tracing
This is a PH strategy used to prevent the spread of infectious diseases by identifying, notifying and managing people who have been in close contact with someone diagnosed with a contagious disease.
Describe an adverse effect
This is a harmful, unintended and undesired reaction to medication or treatment that occurs at normal doses and can cause significant risks to the patient.
It is often serious,life threatening.
Examples are heart attacks linked to certain treatments,liver damage or a severe allergic reaction like anaphylaxis.
Describe a side effect
This is an unintended effect of a medication or treatment that occurs in addition to its intended therapeutic effect.
The effects are usually manageable.
Examples are nausea caused by antibiotics or drowsiness.
Describe gain of function
Refers to modification of infectious agents/microbes to enhance their capabilities.Or it can be modification of a harmless microbe resulting it in becoming harmful.
These enhancements can involve increased transmissibility, virulence.
Examples are coronaviruses.
However there are ethical and safety concerns involved eg gain of function studies can be misused for biological weapons,this is deliberate release of biological agents such as bacteria,viruses…resulting in serious harm or death to plants,humans and animals.
These biological agents can be used to contaminate water or food also resulting in pandemics.
Describe active immunity
This is immunity that is developed by the body’s own immune system in response to either exposure to a pathogen or a vaccine.
The immune system produces antibodies and memory cells resulting in long term protection.
It is long term.
Can be natural active immunity (acquired through infection) or artificial active immunity (vaccine)
Describe passive immunity
Immunity is provided by transferring antibodies from another source to an individual.
Immune system does not produce its own memory cells.
It is temporary.
Examples are natural passive immunity (transfer of antibodies from mother to baby through breastfeeding or through the placenta)
Artificial passive immunity e.g use of treatment of animals with horse antitoxins for snake bites.
List the signs of typhoid fever.
-rose spots
-high fever
-vomitting
-diarrhoea with bloodstained stool.
What is tenesmus?
This is when you feel like you need to pass stool even when your bowels are already empty.Usually accompanied by discomfort or cramping in the rectal area.
How is typhoid fever managed?
-use of antibiotics
-vaccination
-improved hygiene and sanitation
-avoiding raw and undercooked food in endemic regions.
List the five stages of how an mRNA vaccine works
-introduction of mRNA
-cellular uptake
-protein production
-immune response
-memory formation
-degradation of mRNA
List the data collation methods
•Unities method
•Rectangles method
•Zeros method (Tally sheet)
What are the symptoms of dengue fever?
-High fever
-Severe headache
-Pain behind the eyes
-Joint and muscle pain (breakbone fever)
-Rash
-Nausea and vomiting
What is the hallmark of dengue fever?
High fever and severe joint pain (breakbone fever)
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
Cough (sometimes with phlegm)
Fever
Shortness of breath
Chest pain (worsens with breathing or coughing)
Fatigue
Confusion (especially in elderly)
What is the hallmark of pneumonia?
Persistent cough with phlegm and chest pain
What is the hallmark of Zika virus?
Rash and conjunctivitis (red eyes)
What does QD on a prescription mean?
Once a day
What does Stat on a prescription mean?
Right there and then/immediately
What does PRN on a prescription mean?
whenever necessary
What does Nocte on a prescription mean?
Night only
What does PR on a prescription sleep mean?
Per Rectal (medicine to be taken through the anus)
What does IM mean?
Intra Muscle
