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Anth 311 > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Part 1 why people study primate?

A
  1. they are intrinsically intelligent :
    Because they are highly intelligent, highly social, similar to human and endangered
  2. Biological principles: They can be use to study natural selection and other biological theories and idea
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2
Q

Crested macaque

A

Took pictures of herself using photographers camera in Sulawesi Indonesia

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3
Q

Anthropology

A

Is the study of human and their ancestors through time and space.

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4
Q

Socio-cultural anthropology

A

Study of human society and culture

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5
Q

Linguistic

A

Study language across space and time

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6
Q

Archeology

A

Study of human through analysis of materials and culture

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7
Q

Biological anthropology/ physical anthropology

A

Study of humans and behavioural aspects of humans, extinct hominin ancestors and non-human primates.

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8
Q

Why study non-human primates (NHP)?

A
  1. They are our closest living relatives (chimps , bonobos, and humans shared 98% of genetic materials)
  2. They are social(over 80% of primates live in a social group)
    3.to understanding early human behaviour( using anthropocentric models : using non human primates to predict early human behaviour) and referential models which is one of the main Anthropocentric model
  3. Conservation: state of environment, nature in worst history , primate indicators (gives us sense of disturbance in habitat).
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9
Q

strategic models

A

A sophisticated model that emphasized on ecological and evolutionary processes that influence behaviour
- primate behavioural ecology = strategic modelling.
-primate behavioural ecology is the study of adaptive behaviour under different ecological conditions.

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10
Q

Ecological pressure

A

= Food resources
Ecological pressure—->key strategy of females—->distribution of females—->key strategic of males—>social systems.
- to study primate ecology, we start with food resources (ecological pressure)

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11
Q

Do male strategies change optimal strategies of female?

A
  • yes through (distribution of females) male strategies changes optimal strategies of female but
  • No through ( social system), doesn’t changes through social systems
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12
Q

Anthropocene

A
  • Current Epoch period in human are primarily cause of planetary change
  • global human made mass exceeds all living biomass. In 2020+/-6 the anthropogenic mass which recently doubled in 20yrs will surpass all global living biomass.
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13
Q

Part 2

A
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14
Q

Primitive/ generalized traits

A
  • Traits in species that you would find in earlier ancestors.
  • “Traits inherited from an ancestors “
  • AkA ( Ancestral traits)
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15
Q

Primitive does not mean

A
  • less successful
  • less evolved
  • E.g Pentadactyly
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16
Q

Derived traits /unique/specialized

A

Unique traits of species that is not shared with and ancestors or specialized traits that are not shared with the last common ancestor of the species being compared.

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17
Q

Examples of derived traits in humans ( traits we do not shared with great apes and other primates

A

Bipedalism

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18
Q

Derived( specialized) traits

A

Traits that appeared AFTER the last common ancestor. Bipedalism not shared with our closest ancestors(great Apes)

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19
Q

Primitive/ generalized traits

A

Traits inherited from our last common ancestors. Example; pentadactyly=Homology in the primate order.

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20
Q

Homologies

A
  • Traits shared due to common ancestory found in 2 or more species
  • shows (close ) evolutionary relationships
  • used to establish phylogenetic relationships
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21
Q

Homoplasy

A
  • traits found in 2 or more species that evolved independently in each
  • do not shared close evolutionary relationships.
  • suspensions locomotion( swinging, hanging from arms in spider monkeys( South America) and Gibbons ( Asia)
  • homoplasy are not used to establish phylogenetic relationships
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22
Q

Suspensory locomotion

A
  • A locomotor or postural styles involving swinging or hanging from the arms
  • two distantly related primate Taxa( family Atleidae and family Hylobatidae)
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23
Q

Convergent Evolution

A
  • distantly related species independent evolve similar traits.
  • or similar solutions to the same ecological pressure.
  • eg atleidae(spider monkeys Asia) and Hylobatidae( Gibbons South America)
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24
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Two closely related species ( recently diverged form a common ancestor) that didn’t exhibit a traits, may end up possessing a traits because they face similar ecological pressures. Eg chimps and gorillas knuckle walks

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25
Q

Part 2

A

No one traits identified all primates

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26
Q

General tendencies expressed by all primates is

A

= overall primates pattern

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27
Q

4 primates complexes

A
  1. Grasping hand+feet
  2. Visual system ( stereoscopic vision)
  3. Complex large Brian
  4. Skeletal and dental features
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28
Q

Grasping hand and feet

A

Opposable thumbs( not presents in all primates). Use for power grip and precision grip

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29
Q

Pentadactyly

A
  • 5 digits presences
  • old traits
  • not found in birds
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30
Q

Callitrichids

A

Have redeveloped claws

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31
Q

Vision and olfaction

A
  • Vision is enhance
  • olfaction is reduced
  • forward facing eyes allows for stereoscopic vision
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32
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A
  • An overlap in the visual creates 3D images =stereoscopic vision
  • Accurate distance perception
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33
Q

Forward facing eyes and stereoscopic vision also found in predatory animals

A

Yes

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34
Q

Reduction of olfactory centres

A
  • Traits associated with an enhanced primate visual system:
  • reduction of the olfactory centres of the brain in most primates
    • reduced reliance on olfaction
    • reduction of snout
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35
Q

Large complex Brains

A

Primate have large brain relative to body size compared to mammals

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36
Q

Allometric

A

Relationship between brain and body size

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37
Q

Allometry

A

When two variables increase or decrease at different rates
- brain size increases at a slower rate than body size

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38
Q

Big neocortex

A
  • Executive part of the brain responsible for cognitive ability such as reasoning, ingenuity and consciousness
  • in primates, the neocortex make up 50-80% of the brain’s total volume
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39
Q

4 Generalized skeleton and dentition in primates

A
  • Retention of unspecialized skeleton particularly limbs structures
40
Q

Retention clavicle in primates vs lost or reduced I. Many other mammals

A
  • Horse lost clavicle = less mobility in shoulder joint
    Clavicle = greater T
    Range of motion particularly in the arms vs specialized quadruped
41
Q

Generalized detention

A
  • Most primates have relatively unspecialized teeth
  • dental formula
    • number of each tooth type ( inscissor, Canine, premolar, molars) per quarter of the jaw
      Example: 2.1.2.3
42
Q

Lecture 2

A
43
Q

Why not taxonomy is terrible!

A

Taxonomy?
- scientific naming of categories of organisms and the grouping of similar species (Taxa)

44
Q

Diff between Taxa and Taxon

A

Taxa: plural
Taxon: singular

45
Q

Taxonomy

A
  • Is a system meaning once you get the system, you have platform for the information on the primates.
    • Hierarchical organizing system based on similarities of traits due to common ancestory(Homologies)
  • taxonomy is a learning system and putting the right pieces of information in the right places of the system
46
Q

Tarsiers and aye aye

A

Used to be part of new world monkeys (prosimii which later becomes strepsirrhines) but moved to old world monkeys
- aye aye is another new monkeys added to new world monkeys.

47
Q

Strepsirrhini—> Strepsirhines( all are wet nose)

A

Strepsirrhini ( suborder) —-> is not prosimians

  • lemuriformes ( infraorder):
    • lemuroidea( super family): lemuridae and indriidae( family)

-lorisiformes(infraorder): lorisoidea(superfamily); Galagidae( family)
Eg Galago

  • chyromiformes (infraorder): Daubentoniidae ( family)
48
Q

Strepsirrhini distribution

A
  • only old world monkeys
  • African and Asia
  • wet nose ( rhinarium) moist skin surrounding nostrils
  • tapetum lucidum(layer of cell cause eye shine)
  • independently mobile ears
  • immobile upper lips+ inexpressive face
  • Grooming claw/ toilet claw
    • dental comb
  • dental formula=2.1.3.3=2incissors, 1 Canine, 3 premolars, 3molars( primitive trait)
49
Q

Main modes of locomotion in lemurs

A

Vertical clinging and leaping

50
Q

Sifaka

A

Climb so fast and run too fast even with female with babies at their backs. They have hung leg and they swung forward to act as shock absorber
Extreme long leg and shorter arm make it extremely possible to run all four legs.
Sifaka don’t run on ground but they jump on sides. They win when they compete in running with the fucer their enemy.

51
Q

Lemuriformes

A

Only found in Madagascar, they arrived from Africa to Madagascar 20million years ago through “rafting”
- it’s among the worlds smallest primates
- 3 families
-adaptive radiation; they diverse to occupy different new ecological niche
- they survived in Madagascar but not in Africa due to competition with monkeys.

52
Q

Mouse lemur and Gorilla

A
  • Mouse lemur is smallest living primate
  • Gorilla is the largest living primates
53
Q

Lemuridae and indriidae video

A

Lemuridae( ring tailed)
- eats fruits
- drink morning fog condensed on leaves as important source of water.
- they are more crowded
- large group and plenty time devoted to their social lives
- they work hard to collect food in the landscape
- the young are born during fruit season and mother demand for food are heaviest. They eat soil after heavy meal to help with digestion and helps to cope with troubles-some gut parasites
- arboreal and terrestrial
- medium size
- diurnal
- large diversity in diet

Indriidae( woolly lemurs) sifaka
- Aboreal and terrestrial
- medium to large size primates
- Diurnal and nocturnal ( large eyes)
- Folivorous (mainly leaves eating) and it’s difficult to digest. Give them indulge to playful natures.
- there maybe only 200 left
-distinguish paler faces
- females are sexual receptive to just 1 or two days
- name “Lima” means spirit of the dead”

54
Q

Lorisiformes

A
  • Loris shared common ancestor with lemuriformes( 50 to 30 million years ago)
  • Loris are nocturnal
  • they solitary (adult live alone but depend on young live with females until disperse)
  • Small primates with diet of mainly insects and fruits.
  • they are found In Asia (lorises) and Africa( loris)
  • Galagos are only found in Africa also know as “bush babies”
55
Q

Galagos

A
  • Are you”bush babies “ found only in Africa
  • they are nocturnal( active at night), and solitary( adult live alone but depends on young lives with females until they disperse) and Aboreal.
  • vertical clingers and leaders.

Videos :
- nagabies meaning little night monkeys
- they are very curious and swivel their head.

56
Q

Chiromyiformes (aye aye)

A
  • nocturnal and solitary
  • rodent like growing incisors
  • Omnivorous ( bony finger for extra forage)
  • conversation status: endangered species.
  • found in madagacar

Videos:
- they call it demon, creatures that can kill just by pointing fingers.
- uses multipurpose digital to find prey.
- aye aye( death if it can wriggle away
- finger transform to hook

57
Q

Haplorrhini

A
  • They are Tarsier, Apes, Humans, and monkeys(HAMT)
  • all diurnal except tarsier and one monkey : owl monkey
  • dry nose( no rhinarium)
  • less reliance on olfaction than strepsirrhines
  • flatter faces
  • reduce sense of hearing ( immobile ears)
  • mobile upper lip and highly expressive faces.
58
Q

Sub order (haplorrhini) infraoder ( simiiformes and tarsiifomes)

A
  • there are three parvorder for haplorrhini
    1, tarsiformes:
    2. Platyrrhini: ceboidea
    3. Catarrhine: cercopithecoidea and hominoidea.
59
Q

Tarsiiformes

A
  • nocturnal but lack tapetum( large eye and ear)
  • found only in SE Asia
  • know to commmunicate using ultrasound
  • got its name from elongated tarsus bone in foot : running and jumping
  • different dental formula than strepsirrhine or Haplorrhines
60
Q

Orangutan video

A
  • they have large bodies and sleep in the trees
  • they are solitary
  • they make pillow to in nest
  • they kisses
  • they use tree to cover their head during raining using leaves like umbrella
  • they makes us human, humble and fascinated and yet we risk losing them all.
  • they have about 1-3 babies in a year
  • the more we study them the more we realize who they are.
61
Q

Cercopithecoidea sub family

A

Cercopithecinae is old world monkey u see catarrhini
They have sub family( cercopithecinae and colobinae)
- eg baboons, macaque, vervet etc and colobinae: leaf monkeys, langur
- male to male competition
- they are social and diverse
- diverse diet and wide range of habitats
- they have cheek pouches , ischial callosities, sexual swelling
- found in African Asian

62
Q

Cheek pouches important

A
  • only found in cercopithecinae
    1. For storing food at safer locations from specific competitors or reduce vulnerability to predators
      1. Secretes salivary glands helps for digestion
63
Q

Ischial callosities in cercopitgecinae

A

Thicken skin as a result of repeated contact and friction used for sitting
- hypothesized: adaptation that evolved foe comfortable and stable sitting on thin branches during feeding in peripheral zone”

64
Q

Sexual swelling in cercopithecinae

A
  • signal for ovulation, interested in mating.
  • also common in few colonies ans pan( chimps and bonobos)
  • it’s a visual cue for receptivity and ovulation
65
Q

Colobinae subfamily cercopithecinae

A
  • Colobus( Africa) and leaf and odd- nose monkeys Asia
  • All diurnal
  • mostly arboreal
  • many are large bodied
  • wide range of habitat
  • folivorous: herbivores complex stomach , energy minimizers
    -diversity of social organisation
66
Q

Difference between two family cercopithecinea

A
  • cercopithecinae: narrow intertidal region
    • incisors : broad
    • molars: low cusps
    • cheek pouches
    • simple stomach
    • shorter limbs

Colobinae: broad intertidal region
- narrow inscissors
- high cusps molar
- no cheek pouches
- complex stomach
Long limbs

67
Q

African group of colobinae has stuffed thumbs, black and white , red and olive colombines

A

Yes

68
Q

Asian group has odd nose monkey proboscis monkey

A

Yes

69
Q

Super family( Hominoidea): only Ape and human

A
  • no tails
  • largest size and weight
  • largest brain to body size ratio
  • more upright posture
70
Q

Hylobatidae

A
  • lesser Apes
  • SE Asia
  • monogamous
  • sexually monomorophic
  • vocal display duets by male and female to defense their territory
  • suspensory locomotion
71
Q

Hominoidea

A
  • Infra order ( catarrhini)
    -super family ( Hominoidea)
    Family: Hylobatidae and Hominidae( homininae
72
Q

Pongo( orangutan)

A
  • found in Asia( Asian great Apes)
  • Borneo and Sumatra
  • sexual dimorphism ( size)
  • Aboreal, solitary and frugiborous
  • quadrumanu locomotion and palm walking.
  • kiss squeak, vitalization, umbrella making.
73
Q

Gorilla(hominnae), pan, and homo)

A
  • African great Apes
  • largest primates
  • sexual dimorphism
  • terestial
  • highly frivolous
74
Q

Gorilla

A

Gorilla gorilla: Western lowland gorilla
Gorilla beringei, beringei : mountain gorilla

75
Q

All New world monkeys are arboreal

A

Yes

76
Q

A lemur mouse is smallest and gorillas are largest

A

Yes.

77
Q

Jarman/bell principle

A
  • gorillas eats low base diet and abundant food but they have poor quality of foods
  • mouse/ lemur: eats fruits and insects and the eat small rare foods but high in quality
  • he predicts between body size, BMR, and diet quality.
    • large bodied primates need to eat more food than small primate so in absolute terms their energy requirements are greater.
    • larger bodied primates need less energy per unit weight than smaller ones because a large bodied primates has slower BMR than smaller ones
78
Q

Pan group( Chimps and Bonobos)

A

chimps
- omnivores ( hunts red colobus)
- use tools
- male are philopatric( cooperate) but female don not
- male Aggression higher level
- terrestrial and Aboreal
- share 99.6%DNA with Bonobos

Bonobos
- terrestrial and Aboreal
- do not use tools
- make are pilopatric but female don not ( but female share food coalitionaty support often against male)
- lower level of aggression
- recent evidence of hunting
- they are frugivorous( eat fruits)
- share 9.6 DNA with chimps

Only human are equidistant to chimps and bonobos.

79
Q

Genus pan

A
  • knuckle walking and sexual swelling
80
Q

Hominids

A
  • term reserved for human/homo
  • great Apes: term used to reserve for the non- human primates of family Hominidae
81
Q

Gelada video

A
  • in the mountain of Ethiopia , geladas looking for female to mate
  • alpha step up to defends his position
  • he fired his first warning shot flipping his mouth to warn the and they ignored he the take matter to its hands.
  • female stay in family unit for life. It’s woman world where male can be replaces
  • he head for the hills
  • the fight can go on days
82
Q

Gelada

A

Have male to male competition

83
Q

Mountain gorillas

A
  • silver back; is a dominant male and head of the family. ( alpha + mate)
  • 2nd silver back: assistant but do not mate, only take over when something happen to alpha)
  • choose to seat together with their closest pan
  • black back act like real God to the group
    • close to dispersing from their natal group.
  • adult female + young offspring: are in cohesive group( stay together all time)
84
Q

Why do primate form groups?

A
  • for costs and benefits
  • dispersal pattern and social relationships
85
Q

Two keys cost of groups

A

Over 80% of primates lives in groups
1. Intra- group( within group) competition : over food and mating is common in primates
2. Increase vulnerability to infectious disease: due to close social contact
- according to authors: during lokoue outbreak, individuals living in group ( mostly females and immature individuals ( young ones) are more heavily affected than solitary males.

86
Q

They formed group due to

A
  • competition for resources:
  • predator defence
87
Q

Benefits to group living

A
  1. Resources defence hypothesis
    - improves access to food resources compared to living alone
    - large group tend to be able to better defend their resources against smaller groups.

Modelling of optimal group size for primates:
- suggests that primates need to balance the cost of feeding competition with benefit of large group size

  1. Predation defences hypothesis:
    (3D’s)
    - detection : more eyes in predation, more individual looking for predator living in group
    - dilution effect: the larger groups size, the more tendency of individuals get eating.
    - deterrence: the larger the group size , the more tendencies to defend predators
88
Q

Other benefits for grouping

A
  • easier to find mate
  • detection of good resources
  • protection form male infanticide
89
Q

Section 2. How do different dispersal patterns change group dynamics? ( social organization)

A

dispersal
- female biased: female leaves natal group, male are philopatric male remain in natal groups ( patrilineal; father side with kind) none female bonded
- male biased: male leaves natal the group, female are philopatric, and group structure becomed matrilineal ( female bonded)
- both sexes biased: both sexes leaves the natal group, neither sexes is philopatric, non bonded.

90
Q

Dispersal impacts which sex has kin within the group and which relationship are predominant/ important

A

True

91
Q

No none species of primates in which both males and females remain in their natal group

A

True

92
Q

Section 3

A
93
Q

Social organization

A
  • cohesive( gorillas)
  • fission- fussion( chimps and bonobos)
  • multi level society( hierarchy)
94
Q

Social systems ( units)

A
  • solitary( one adult living alone)
  • pair bonded
  • uni male multi female
  • multi male multi female
95
Q

Social structure( dispersion)

A
  • patrilineal: non bonded
  • matrilineal: female bonded
  • both sexs disperse; non bonded
96
Q

Marine system

A
  • monogamous ( 1 male + 1 female)
  • polygamous( multi male +multi female)
  • polyandrous ( multi male + 1 female)
  • polygnous ( multi female + 1 male)

Anth 311 (4 decks)

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