Notes

Question 1

Teratogens

Answer 1

Environmental factors that can cause abnormalities or developmental problems in developing fetus

Disorders involving language, reasoning, attention, social behavior or emotions

Question 2

Attachment

Answer 2

Enduring emotional connection that can motivate care, protection, and
social support.

Question 3

four stages of cognitive development

Answer 3

Sensorimotor stage
Pre operational stage
Concrete operational stage
Formal operational stage

Question 4

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 4

For birth to around 2 years
Learn about world though their sense and motor activities

Question 5

Pre-operational stage

Answer 5

Around 2 to 7 years
Develop language and ability to use symbols to represent objects and events
Also begin to think logically but are still limited in their ability to understand abstract concepts

Question 6

Concrete operational stage

Answer 6

7 to 11 year s
Skilled at logical thinking and are able to understand concrete concepts like convos

Question 7

Formal operational

Answer 7

11 to adulthood
Capable of abstract and hypothetical thinking
Reason logically about hypothetical situations and make predictions based on oficial and reasoning

Question 8

Object permanence:

Answer 8

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when
they cannot be seen or heard.

Question 9

Principle of conservation:

Answer 9

The understanding that even though the appearance of an
object may change, its properties (such as its quantity or volume) remain the same.

Question 10

Egocentrism:

Answer 10

The tendency to view the world from one’s own perspective and have
difficulty taking another person’s point of view.

Question 11

Abstract thinking

Answer 11

Ability to think about ideas and hypothetical situations

Question 12

Amygdala

Answer 12

Heightened emotional reactivity

Question 13

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 13

Supporting impulse control and decision making

Question 14

Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic

Answer 14

Unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences in shaping personality
ID: pleasure
Ego: reality
Superego: internalized social and moral values

Question 15

Trait theory:

Answer 15

identification and measurement of consistent patterns of
behavior, thought, and emotion that make up an individual’s personality.
aim to identify and measure these traits using self-report questionnaires, factor analysis,
and other empirical methods.

Question 16

Humanistic theory:

Answer 16

emphasizes the role
of personal growth, self-actualization, and subjective experience in shaping personality.
Individuals have an innate drive to reach their full potential and to express themselves
authentically.
sell-awareness
personal choice, and positive regard in promoting psychological well-being and personal
growth.

Question 17

Biological Perspective:

Answer 17

personality as being influenced by genetic factors and brain
chemistry.
temperament of an
individual is thought to be a biological basis for personality,

Question 18

Social-Cognitive Perspective:

Answer 18

personality as being shaped by the interaction between
personal and situational factors.
interpret and construct their own experiences and environments,

Question 19

Frauds psychodynamic theory

Answer 19

ID: present from birth- gratification of basic needs and desires (hunger thirst sex urges) without care to morality or social norms - unconscious (devil)
Ego: middle man or superego and ID - conscious rational part of the personality to mediate between superego and ID
Superego: enforcing rules - values of society (angel)

Question 20

Self actualization

Answer 20

Concept in humanistic psychology that refers to the innate desire to realize ones full potential and achieve fulfillment
Personal growth and development

Question 21

Locus of control

Answer 21

Degree to which individuals believe that they have control over their environment and their outcomes

Internal: behavior can influence outcomes

External: believe that external factors (Luck) determine their outcomes

Question 22

Uncond positive regard

Answer 22

Unconditional positive regard from others to develop a positive self concept and reach full potential

Non judgmental