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Comm 327 > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A

a systemic and transactional process where we simultaneously act as senders and receivers and use verbal and nonverbal symbols to encode and decode messages as they travel across a channel. The entire process is affected by both social, phychological and physiological noise and by the cultural, social physical and chronological context
All in effort to create shared meaning

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2
Q

Perception Process

A

Selection: What you actually decide to focus on
Organization:arrange things in someway that is meaningful (mentally fitting people in your brian, he’s mean, he’s nice, etc.)
Interpretation: Assign meaning, but it might not be accurate
Negotiation: When you actually go out and interact with someone, check in with the person

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3
Q

Paul Rankins Study of Communication

A

Talking: 30%
Writing: 9%
Reading: 16%
Listening: 45%

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4
Q

Listening Process: Alder, Beebe

A
  1. Hearing/Selecting: non-verbals you want to attend to, hearing is physiological where listening is psychological
  2. Attending: deciding what to focus on
  3. Understanding: interpretation, deciding what to focus on
  4. Responding: Do something to let the person know you are listening, could include asking for clarification letting them know you don’t understand
  5. Remembering
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5
Q

Verbal (words) & Vocal (voice)

A

Speaking

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6
Q

Non-Verbal (no words) & Vocal (voice)

A

Paralanguage, vocalics, tone, inflection, rate, volume fillers

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7
Q

Verbal (words) & non-vocal (no voice)

A

Writing, ASL

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8
Q

Non-verbal (no words) & non-vocal (no voice)

A

Facial expression, proxemics, posture, olifactics, gestures, eye contact, physical environment, appearance, artifacts, chronemics, kinesics, territory

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9
Q

Intimate Space Zone
Personal Space Zone
Social Space Zone
Public Space Zone

A

0-18 inches
1.5-4 feet
4-12 feet
12-

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10
Q

Principles of Nonverbals

A

They exist
They have value
Ambiguous
Culturally Bound
Primarily relational
-express how we feel but can also express content
-emblems are gestures that have direct verbal translations such as the “okay” hand signal
-illustrators: simple movement of hands and arms to emphasize message

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11
Q

What makes relationship interpersonal

A

-Quantitatively: Takes place between 2 people
-Qualitatively:
Uniqueness: How we act with our best friend, I know you, you know me, we have our own connection that is different than anyone elses
Irreplaceable:
Interdependence: depend on each other
Disclosure: how much you reveal about yourself
Intrinsic Reward: Fulfillment, feeling happy and rewarded, get something out of the relationship, the relationship itself is a reward

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12
Q

Self

A

An ever-changing systems of perspectives that is formed and sustained in communication with ourselves and others

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13
Q

Self-Concept

A

The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself at a given time

  • Does not exist at birth, but evolves
  • Resists change
  • Subjective
  • Healthy self concept is flexible
  • Not only determines how you see yourself in the present bu also can affect future behavior
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14
Q

Self-Concept Dimensions:

A

Physical appearance, skills, social talents, roles, intellectual traits, emotional states, etc. It also changes.

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15
Q

Three Selves

A

Material (Body), Social, & Spiritual (introspective)

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16
Q

Social/Public Self vs. Spiritual/Private Self

A

Social Public Self is your presenting self, or your public image-the way we want to appear to others
Spiritual Private self is your perceived self-the person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination

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17
Q

Self-esteem

A

How you evaluate yourself

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18
Q

Reflected Appraisal Theory

A

We figure out who we are by how others treat us

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19
Q

Significant other

A

Person whose opinions we especially value. General other is society

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20
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

We figure out who we are by comparing ourselves to others

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21
Q

Types of Social Comparisons

A
  • We decide whether we are superior or inferior

- We decide whether we are the same as or different from others

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22
Q

Reference Groups

A

Groups who plan an important role in shaping our view of ourselves

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23
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

Occurs when a person’s expectations of an event influence the outcome.
-Self-imposed or other-imposed

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24
Q

Changing Self-concept

A
  • Need a realistic perception of yourself
  • Realistic expectations
  • Will and skill to change
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25
Q

Perception

A

Observe the world to make sense of it

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26
Q

Perception Process

A
  1. Selection: Limit frame of reference, choose, what are you focusing on/taking in? Neglect others when you take in
  2. Organization: Fill in the blanks, assume, arrange in meaningful way
  3. Interpretation: Assign/ attribute meaning
  4. Negotiation: Share your interpretations, check in, learn, see where they’re coming from because they are sane
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27
Q

Influences on Perception

A
  • Fatigue
  • Hunger
  • Senses
  • Age
  • Health
  • Culture
  • Social Roles
  • Self-Concept
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28
Q

Perception Barriers

A
  • Judge ourselves more charitably than others
  • Influenced by what is most obvious/ignore details
  • Cling to first impressions/hold on to preconceptions and stereotypes
  • Assume others are similar to us
  • Focus on the negative
  • Over-generalizing
  • Preferring simple explanations
  • See only the good or bad
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29
Q

Improving Perceptions

A
  • Increase understanding of perception process
  • Check our perceptions with perception check statement:
    1. describe behavior (who, what, when)
    2. provide 2 possible interpretations for behavior
    3. request feedback/clarification
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30
Q

Symbolic

A

Arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract representation of a phenomenon
-meanings are in people, not words, and we use symbols to communicate meaning

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31
Q

Rule Governed

A

Patterned ways of behaving and interpreting behavior

  • syntax: punctuation, grammar, arranging words
  • semantics: governs words meaning
  • phonetics: how to say words (phonics)
  • can get over rule governed rules with bffs because create new language
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32
Q

Subjective

A

With bias, in the mind, personalized

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33
Q

Bypassing

A

Same words, different meanings

  • process when we become confused about words meanings. Ex. safe could mean not harmed, or a chest
  • -equivocal terms->ambiguous->bypassing
  • equivocal terms are ambiguous language which leads to bypassing
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34
Q

Equivocal terms

A

Words that have more than one commonly accepted definition

  • equivocal terms->ambiguous->bypassing
  • equivocal terms are ambiguous language which leads to bypassing
35
Q

Ambiguous

A

Subject to multiple meanings

  • equivocal terms->ambiguous->bypassing
  • equivocal terms are ambiguous language which leads to bypassing
36
Q

Abstraction

A

Removed from concrete reality

  • High level abstraction: Vague
  • Low level abstraction: concrete
  • abstraction (abstract), the lower the less abstract
37
Q

Arbitrary

A

Random or not necessary

  • No connection to words we use to their meanings, desk could be fjdlksafjsd
  • allow ourselves to feel harmed by language but meaning doesn’t exist on its own
38
Q

Euthemism

A

Pleasant terms substituted for blunt ones

-ex “thats interesting” for “thats terrible” “casualty”

39
Q

Relative language

A

Gain their meaning by comparison

-“Big, soon”

40
Q

Static Evaluation

A

The mistaken assumption that people are consistent and unchanging-> IS
-Jason IS mean

41
Q

Polorization

A

Describing and evaluating what you observe in terms of extremes
-dichotomy, one or the other

42
Q

Biased language

A

Terms that are racist, sexist, etc.

43
Q

It Statement

A

Avoids responsibility for ownership of a message

44
Q

But statement

A

Cancel out the thought that proceeds it

45
Q

Symbols

A

Represent things, not the actual things, represent our thoughts

46
Q

Noise

A

Interference, can be psychological noise-mental noise, or physiological noise-hungry, tired, sick

47
Q

Questions

A

Can be a linguistic way to avoid making a declaration.

-“Do you want to go to a movie?”

48
Q

You Language

A

Expresses judgement of the other person

-Cause defensiveness

49
Q

Language

A

Provides a more accurate and less provocative way to express a complaint

50
Q

We Language

A

Allows people to focus on the issue together

51
Q

Behavioral Description

A

Who, What, When

52
Q

I language

A

Allows you to concentrate on the behavior and take responsibility for your own feelings

  • sharing your own feelings and responses to a situation rather than making judgments and accusations
  • lets other person to respond to your concern rather than feeling defensive
53
Q

I Language Statement

A
  1. complete behavioral description (who, what, when)
  2. statement of your true feelings (not evaluations or intentions)
  3. consequences to you of the behavior and/or the feelings. Consequences are past events- something that has already happened as a result of the behavior
54
Q

I Statement: “You don’t care about my feelings”

A

I felt hurt when I saw you in the restaurant with your old boyfriend. I wondered if you might want to get back together with him.

55
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

Everything except words

56
Q

Social Distance

A

4 feet- 12 feet

57
Q

Gestures

A

Movement of the body and arms

58
Q

Culture

A

Traditions, influences, etc. of a group. Cultures have different nonverbal languages as well as verbal ones.

59
Q

Emblems

A

Have a direct verbal translations, “OK” hand signal

60
Q

Vocal, nonverbal communication

A

Paralanguage

61
Q

Proxemics

A

Space

62
Q

Nonverbal communication is primarily

A

Relational

63
Q

Communicate both dominance and submission

A

Eyes

64
Q

Distance 0-18 inches

A

Intimate

65
Q

Seven Functions of Nonverbal

A
  • All not mutually exclusive- they don’t stand on their own
    1. Regulating- determine who gets to talk
    2. Repeating- repeat the verbal
    3. Substitute- a point
    4. Compliment- if angry you yell, it compliments/works with the verbal message
    5. Accenting- highlighting/emphasizing the verbal, hitting the table to show anger
    6. Contradicting- “I’d love to go” in a mean tone
    7. Deceiving- leakage: your body doesn’t like to lie and it sends messages/ cues that stand out when you’re lying
66
Q

“Um”

A

Disfluency

67
Q

Nonverbal vs. Language

A

Continuous vs. Discreet
Unintentional vs. Intentional
Multi-channel vs. Single-channel

68
Q

Nonverbal Principles

A
  • Culturally bound
  • Primarily relational
    • emblematic: direct verbal translations”OK”
    • illistrators: simple mvmt. of hands and arms to emphasize meaning
  • Exists
  • Has value
  • Ambiguous
69
Q

Illistrators

A

Simple movement of hands and arms to emphasize message

70
Q

Nonverbal function: “Shrugging shoulders rather than saying I don’t know”

A

Substituting

71
Q

Nonverbal function: Mixed messages

A

Contradicting

72
Q

Stationary space

A

Territory

73
Q

TIme

A

Chronemics

74
Q

Body position and motion

A

Kinesics

75
Q

Poor listening habits

A
  1. Insulated: Ignores undesireable information, never want to disuss some topics (tattoos with dad)
  2. Ambushing: listening to gather information to attack against you later on
  3. Defensive: Misinterpreting innocent comments as an attack
  4. Selective: only respond to what interests you- “I’m upset because I went to the movies and saw my ex” “How was the movie”
  5. Pseudolistening: pretending to listen, fake, you look like you are but you aren’t
  6. Insensitive: not listening to verbal cues, take message at face value “I’m fine…” “Okay great!”
  7. Stagehogging: only care about yourself, interrupt
76
Q

Insulated listening

A

Ignores undesirable information, never discusses these (politics)

77
Q

Ambushing

A

Listening to gain information to attack the person later on

78
Q

Defensive

A

Misinterpreting innocent comments as an attack

79
Q

Selective

A

Only respond to what interests you. “I’m upset because I went to the movies and saw my ex” “How was the movie”

80
Q

Pseudolistening

A

Pretending to listen, fake, you look like you are but you aren’t

81
Q

Insensitive

A

Not listening to verbal cues, take things as face value. “I’m fine….” “Okay great!”

82
Q

Stagehogging

A

Only care about what you have to say, interrupt and ignore others

83
Q

Paraphrasing

A

Restatement of what you heard in your own words

-restatement of thoughts and inferred feelings a person is conveying and then asking for clarification

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