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immunology exam 2 > notecards > Flashcards

notecards Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for a killer T cell

A

Cytotoxic T cell

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2
Q

what activates killer T cells

A

MHC 1 on cells

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3
Q

what activates helper T cells

A

MHC 2 on APC

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4
Q

what does a regulatory T cell do

A

prevent the immune system from overreacting (inhibition)

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5
Q

what does the helper T cell need help from to become activated

A

an APC

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6
Q

what are the APC’s

A

activated dendritic cell, activated macrophage, or activated B cell

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7
Q

for activation of a T cell what must happen with the TCR

A

must recognize it cognate antigen

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8
Q

what must the co-receptor recognize in order to allow activation of T cells

A

MHC (I or II)

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9
Q

if the T cells see “self being presented by other cells it will _____

A

Die

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10
Q

if the T cells recognizes self antigen, but doesnt get co-stimulation it will be ____

A

rendered inactive (anergized) and eventually die

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11
Q

if the T cells see non-self and gets co-stimulated the t cell will _____

A

be activated

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12
Q

if TCR recognized MHC plus self peptides it will

A

commit suicide (apoptosis)

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13
Q

if TCR recognizes cognate antigen on MHC with no co-stimulation it will

A

T cell will be anergized (inactivated)

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14
Q

if TCR recognizes cognate antigen on MHC plus co-stimulation it will

A

be activated

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15
Q

T cells only recognize _____ presented by MHC I or MHC II molecules

A

peptides

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16
Q

are all TCR on mature T cells identical

A

YES

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17
Q

what is the name given to the group of signaling proteins of a T cell

A

CD3

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18
Q

where are non traditional T cells most abundant

A

intestine, uterus and tongue

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19
Q

are tradition or non traditional TCR’s more diverse

A

traditional

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20
Q

what is needed for T cell recognition

A

TCR(alpha, beta) and co-receptor (CD4 or CD8)

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21
Q

what is needed for T cell co-stimulation

A

B7 on APC and CD28 on T cell

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22
Q

what is needed for T cell signaling

A

CD3 and CD28 on T cell

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23
Q

where is CD4 usually expressed

A

on helper T cells

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24
Q

what does CD4 attach

A

TCR ro MHCII molecules

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25
Q

what does a CD4 signal

A

help

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26
Q

what does a CD8 signal

A

KILL

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27
Q

where is CD8 usually expressed

A

on killer T cells (CTLs)

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28
Q

what does the CD8 attach

A

TCR to MHC I molecules

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29
Q

which-receptors are expressed by T cells in the thymus

A

both

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30
Q

which MHC are peptides being made in the cell

A

MHC I

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31
Q

which MHC are peptides eaten by APC

A

MHC II

32
Q

what is the co-stimulatory molecule expressed on the surface of APC

A

B7

33
Q

what is a receptor molecule on the T cell, when activated it amplifies the signal and lowers the number of TCR corsslinks needed for activation

A

CD28

34
Q

why is co stimulation required

A

the connection between the receptor and the nucleus of naive T cells is weak and a co-stimulator creates a better connection

35
Q

does a naive T cell have many or few lipid rafts

A

FEW

36
Q

does an experienced T cell many or few lipid rafts

A

MANY

37
Q

why do experienced T cells not need co-stimulation for reactivation

A

because the maintain the lipid rafts

38
Q

what re-activates a T cell at the battle site

A

macrophages

39
Q

what initially activates T cells before they leave for the battle site

A

dendritic cells

40
Q

if a helper T cell finds its cognate antigen what co receptor attatches it to the dendritic cell

A

the CD4 co-receptor on the T helper cell attaches to the MHC II on the dendritic cell

41
Q

if a helper T cell finds its cognate antigen what proteins attach the Th cell and dendritic cell

A

DC40L on the Th cell attaches to the CD40 on the dendritic cell

42
Q

how long does complete activation of a helper T cell take

A

4-10 hours

43
Q

what happens to the dendritic cell (APC) when it parts from the T helper cell after activation

A

it goes on to activate other helper T cells

44
Q

after the helper T cell and the dendritic cell part after activation what does the helper T cell do and what is needed for this to happen

A

the helper T cell will proliferate and make more IL-2 in order to continue to proliferate (positive feedback)

45
Q

what are the TWO jobs of a helper T cell

A

remain in blood and lymph providing help for B cells and CTL’s and leave the blood and enter battle sites providing help for soldiers on the front line

46
Q

what help does the helper T cell bring to the battle

A

Cytokines

47
Q

what are cytokines

A

communication proteins for the immune system and others

48
Q

what are the three major subsets of cytokines

A

TH1 TH2 TH17

49
Q

what does a TH1 helper T cell respond to

A

viral or bacterial attack

50
Q

what cytokines are in the TH1 subset

A

TNF, IFN-y, IL-2

51
Q

what does IFN-y do

A

keeps the marophages active, and tells B cells to make IgG3

52
Q

what does IL-2 do

A

recharges natural killer cells, and stimulates proliferation of CTLs, NK cells and TH1cells

53
Q

what is TH@ helper t cells respond to

A

parasitic attach of food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria (intestines under attack)

54
Q

what are the cytokines released in the TH2 subset

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

55
Q

what does IL-4 do

A

growth factor to proliferate T cells (releasing TH2 cytokines) and for B cells that make IgE

56
Q

what does IL-5 do

A

causes B cells to make IgA

57
Q

what is IgA

A

and antibacterial in the intestines

58
Q

what does IL-13 do

A

simulates mucus in the intestine

59
Q

what does th17 defend against

A

fungal attack

60
Q

what cytokines are in the th17 subset

A

IL-17 and IL-21

61
Q

what causes the TH17 subset to be released

A

dendritic cells make TGFß

62
Q

what does IL-17 do

A

recruits massive numbers of neutrophils to the area

63
Q

what does IL-21 do

A

causes growth of more TH17

64
Q

what causes a th0 to become th1

A

IL-12 from macrophage

65
Q

what causes th0 to become th2

A

IL-4 from an unknown source

66
Q

what causes th0 to become th17

A

IL-6 and TGFß from AP dendritic cell

67
Q

can a helper T cell switch what kind of cytokines it is producing after it begins

A

no it is committed to one subset once it startes

68
Q

what kind of range do cytokines have

A

very limited (local impact only)

69
Q

what is the benefit to having a limited range on cytokines

A

it allows the body to defend against multiple types of invaders in different body locations simultaneously

70
Q

what does a naive CTL need to be activated

A

only an activated dendritic cell presenting the cognate antigen on a MHC I

71
Q

what happens when dendritic cells and helper T cells bind

A

they emit cytokines attracting CTLs

72
Q

what happens when a activated dendritic cell, CTL and helper T cell get together

A

the response is much greater

73
Q

what does the helper T cell supply to regulate the size of the CTL response and what does it cause

A

IL-2 is supplied causing CTL proliferation regulating the size of response

74
Q

how does a CTL kill by delivering “gifts”

A

uses perforin to poke holes in a membrane then releases granzyme B initiating a chain of reactions leading to target cell sicide

75
Q

what can the CTL connect in order to kill some cells

A

a CTL can connect its Fas ligand to the fas protein on a target cell signaling the cell to commit suicide

76
Q

what is necrosis of a cell

A

means enzymes and chemicals from the dying cell are released into surrounding tissue causing extreme damage

77
Q

what is apoptosis

A

the enzymes and chemicals from the dying cell are neatly contained in vesicles, the vesicles are eaten and disposed of by macrophages

immunology exam 2 (3 decks)

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