Notatki Danniego part 2 Flashcards
….basepairs in human DNA
3000 million
Inherited characteristics:
- thought that it was nature vs nature for most characteristics
- recently found out environment can actually change how a gene is expressed
Mendel works on peas:
Peas are …
hermaphrodites, so that they:
- can fertilize themselves
- differ in discrete attributes
- > Yellow/green
- > Round/wrinkled
Branchydactyl -
short fingers
- > doesn't skip generations
- > 1/2 is affected
Huntungton disease is recessive/dominant (pick one)
dominant
Cystic fibrosis is recessive/dominant (pick one)
recessive
Albinism does/does not skip generations (pick one)
it does
Rice growing:
-> prone to lodging where rice falls over and drowns in the water
-> Cross breed a short grass with tall high yield rice
-> started the green revolution
(the rest may be on an essay)
Pigs can harbor avian and human flu
- > may mix and create new recombinant strain of flu
- > swine flu is contracted by inhaling viral particles
H1N1 in 2009 was a mix all 3
Incomplete Dominance -
- > usually, in mendelian genetics, one characteristic or allele is dominant to the other
- > sometimes a thir phenotype is expressed as a mixture of the two (incomplete dominance eg. pink flowers from crossing between white and red flowers)
Codominance
- > a third phenotype is expressed but both of the dominant phenotypes are expressed fully, not mixed
eg. brown and white spotted cow
Sickle cell haemoglobin
A glutamic acid codon is replaced by a valine codon
- > changes shape of protein haemoglobin
- > changes 3D shape of red blood cell
- > substitution
- > haemoglobin clumps together
- > produces haemoglobin S instead of A
symptoms: circulatory problems, enlarged spleen, heart failure, brain damage, anemia
Sex limitations:
Phenotypes that are only expressed in one gender
- > male Peacock has colour for tail
- > men have facial hair
Multiple loci:
Phenotype that can be caused by changes in different loci:
- > autism caused by mutations at many different places
- > can cause different symptoms
Gene interaction:
agouti mice
Agouti A dominant to black a bb brown brown with yellow fleck = cinnamon Agouti hair has yellow fleces. Example of epistasis: in albino mice dominance of agouti to black does not matter
Complementation:
Two strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same mutant phenotype produce offspring with the wild-type phenotype when mated.
Pleiotropy:
one gene has many phenotypes
-> sickle cell anaemia eg.
Chromosome puff -
when the DNA is being transcribed
most drosophila have ….. eyes,
…..eyes mutation
red
white
Morgans anomalous result:
mated white females XwXw and red males XY
- > chromosomes didn’t split properly
- > triple x = death
Xw Xw XwXwX (dies) XwXwY (white female)
0 X0 (red male) 0Y (dies)
factor VIII dark spheres
- > blood clotting
- > mutations in factor VIII will cause you not to clot your blood
- > e.g. haemophilia
- > sex linked recessive inheritance such as Victoria and the royal family; Also red green colour blindness
Extra chromosome 21 -
down syndrome
-> any other big chromosome duplicated will result in death
Barr body -
inactive chromosome
- half X chromosomes turned on/off in women (lyonisation)
Blood types (who can receive what- have it in phol lectures I believe)
k
gene interaction / sex limitation
Genes are there but only express themselves in a certain sex:
gene interaction:
- male gene
- tail gene
1+2 => Peacocks
