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AQA Chemistry > NOT DONE2.5 Transition Metals > Flashcards

NOT DONE2.5 Transition Metals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are transition metals?

A

Elements in d block with a partially filled d-orbital
Lose electrons to form positive ions with s-orbital electrons being removed first

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2
Q

What is similar about all transition metals?

A

Atomic radius
High density
High melting/boiling point

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3
Q

Give four chemical properties of all transition metals.

A

Form complexes
Form coloured ions
Variable oxidation states
Good catalysts

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4
Q

What is a transition metal complex?

A

A central metal atom or ion surrounded by ligands

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5
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule or ion with a lone pair of electrons

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6
Q

How do transition metal complexes form?

A

An electron pair is donated to the central metal ion from the each ligand to form a coordinate bond

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7
Q

What is a ligand substitution reaction?

A

Exchange of a ligands without a change in coordination number

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8
Q

What is a coordination number?

A

The number of coordinate bonds formed around a central metal ion

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9
Q

What is produced in an incomplete ligand substitution reaction?

A

A combination of ligands around the central ion

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10
Q

What is a bidentate ligand?

A

Ligand able to form two coordinate bonds to the central metal ion as they have two lone electron pairs

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11
Q

Describe how bidentate ligands change coordination number.

A

Can replace two unidentate ligands without changing coordination number as same number of bonds form

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12
Q

What is a multidentate ligand?

A

Ligands able to form up to six coordinate bonds to the central metal ion as they have multiple lone electron pairs

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13
Q

Name two common multidentate ligands.

A

EDTA
Haem

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14
Q

Why is haem a component of haemoglobin?

A

It consists of six coordinate bonds around a central Fe²⁺ ion
Its shape and structure allow it to transport oxygen around the body

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15
Q

Why is carbon monoxide toxic to humans?

A

Replaces the oxygen in the haem complex preventing it from being transported around the body

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16
Q

What is The Chelate Effect?

A

The replacement of monodentate ligands with bidentate and multidentate ligands in complex ions

17
Q

What is the purpose of The Chelate Effect?

A

An energetically favourable reaction as ΔG is negative
A greater energy change means a more stable complex is formed and ΔG is more negative

18
Q

What enthalpy change do ligand substitution reactions have?

A

Near zero as bonds formed are very similar to bonds broken

19
Q

What shape do transition metal complexes commonly have?

A

Octahedral
Bond angle of 90°

20
Q

What is cis-trans isomerism?

A

Isomerism shown by octahedral complexes with different types of unidentate ligands

21
Q

What is a trans isomer?

A

Isomer has two of the same ligands opposite each other

22
Q

What is a cis isomer?

A

Isomer has two of the same ligands next to each other

23
Q

What is optical isomerism?

A

Isomerism shown by octahedral complexes with bidentate ligands
Two isomers are mirror images of each other

24
Q

What shape do transition metal complexes with larger ligands have?

A

Tetrahedral
Bond angle 109.5°

25
Q

What shape do platinum and nickel complexes have?

A

Square planar
Four coordinate bonds
Bond angle 90°

26
Q

What shape do silver complexes have?

A

Linear
Two coordinate bonds
Bond angle 180°

27
Q

What complex is present in Tollen’s reagent?

A

[Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺

28
Q

What is cisplatin?

A

The cis isomer of a square planar complex of platinum
Commonly used as a cancer therapy drug

29
Q

Why is cisplatin used to treat cancer?

A

Cells are chiral so only one isomer will be the correct orientation

30
Q

How can transition metal ions be identified?

A

By colour

31
Q

What determines the colour of a transition metal ion?

A

Coordination numbe
Type of ligand bonded
Oxidation state

AQA Chemistry (8 decks)

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