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AQA Chemistry > 1.1 Atomic Structure > Flashcards

1.1 Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the plum pudding model.

A

An atom is a sphere of positive charger with small negative charges distributed evenly throughout

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2
Q

Describe the electron shell model.

A

An atom is a small, dense, central nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons in electron shells

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3
Q

How was the electron shell model discovered?

A

In a scattering experiment done by Rutherford in 1911

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4
Q

What is in the nucleus?

A

Protons & Neutrons

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5
Q

What charge does the nucleus have?

A

Positive

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6
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

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7
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

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8
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

1/1840

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9
Q

How can the maximum number orbiting electrons that can be held in a shell be calculated?

A

2 to the power of the shell number

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10
Q

What is the mass number of an atom?

A

A sum of protons and neutrons in an tom

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11
Q

What letter is used to represent mass number?

A

A

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12
Q

What is the atomic number of an atom?

A

The number of protons in an atom

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13
Q

What letter is used to represent mass number?

A

Z

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14
Q

What is relative atomic mass?

A

The mean mass of an atom of an element, on a scale in which the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is 12

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15
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but a different number of neutrons

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16
Q

How do different isotopes compare?

A

React chemically the same due to proton and electron configuration

Different physical properties due to different mass number

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17
Q

What is Deuterium?

A

An isotope of hydrogen
1 proton 1 neutron

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18
Q

What is Tritium?

A

An isotope of hydrogen
1 proton 2 neutrons

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19
Q

What is an ion?

A

Formed when an atoms loses or gains electrons
No longer neutral - have an overall charge

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20
Q

What is mass spectrometry?

A

An analytical technique used to identify different isotopes and find the overall relative atomic mass of an element

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21
Q

What is Time Of Flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy?

A

Form of mass spectroscopy that records the time it takes for ions of each isotope to reach a detector

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22
Q

What does TOF mass spectroscopy produce?

A

Spectra showing each isotope present

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23
Q

Name the five stages of TOF mass spectroscopy.

A

Ionisation
Acceleration
Ion drift
Detection
Analysis

24
Q

Name the two types of ionisation.

A

Electron impact ionisation
Electrospray ionisation

25
Q

What happens during electron impact ionisation in TOF mass spectroscopy?

A

Sample is vapourised and fired with high energy electrons from an electron gun
Results in one electron knocked off each particle

26
Q

What happens during electrospray ionisation in TOF mass spectroscopy?

A

Sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and injected into the mass spectrometer through high voltage
Results in electrons removed from atoms

27
Q

What happens during acceleration in TOF mass spectroscopy?

A

The positively charged ions are accelerated towards a negatively charged detection plate

28
Q

What happens during ion drift in TOF mass spectroscopy?

A

The ions are separated based on their mass
Lighter ions have a shorter drift time

29
Q

What happens during detection in TOF mass spectroscopy?

A

The positive ions are attracted to the negatively charged detection plate
The ions gain an electron producing a flow of charge

30
Q

How does abundance affect current produced in TOF detection?

A

Greater abundance, greater current

31
Q

What happens during analysis in TOF mass spectroscopy?

A

Current values are used in combination with flight times to produce a spectra with the relative abundance of each isotope displayed

32
Q

What effect does a 2+ charged ion have on spectra?

A

The mass to charge ratio is halved

33
Q

How can relative atomic mass be calculated using a spectra?

A

Ar = (m/z x abundance) / total abundance

34
Q

What is an orbital?

A

General region in which an electron is likely to be found

35
Q

Name the four different types of orbital.

A

s-orbital
p-orbital
d-orbital
f-orbital

36
Q

What shape does the s-orbital have?

A

Spherical

37
Q

What shape does the p-orbital have?

A

Dumbbell

38
Q

What shape does the d-orbital have?

A

Clover

39
Q

Where is the s-block located on the periodic table?

A

Left

40
Q

Where is the d-block located on the periodic table?

A

Middle

41
Q

Where is the p-block located on the periodic table?

A

Right

42
Q

Where is the f-block located on the periodic table?

A

Separate block

43
Q

How many electrons can an s-orbital hold?

A

2

44
Q

How many electrons can a p-orbital hold?

A

6

45
Q

How many electrons can a d-orbital hold?

A

10

46
Q

How do electrons act within an orbital?

A

Pair up with opposite spin so atom is as stable as possible

47
Q

How is spin represented?

A

By arrows

48
Q

State the three rules for writing electron configuration.

A

Lowest energy orbital filled first
Electrons with same spin full up orbital before pairing
No single orbital holds more than two electrons

49
Q

What causes an atom to be unstable?

A

Unpaired electron spins
Produces natural repulsion between electrons

50
Q

What is ionisation energy?

A

The minimum energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms in a gaseous state

51
Q

What unit is ionisation energy measured in?

A

kJmol⁻¹

52
Q

Describe how energy changes with successive ionisation.

A

More energy is needed to overcome the increasing electrostatic force of attraction between the positive nucleus and negative outer electron

53
Q

What trend is followed with first ionisation energies across a period?

A

First ionisation energy increases due to a decreasing atomic radius which increases the effect of electrostatic forces of attraction

54
Q

What trend is followed with first ionisation energies down a group?

A

First ionisation energy decreases due to an increasing atomic radius and shielding which reduces the effect of electrostatic forces of attraction

55
Q

What does a sudden large increase indicate when successive ionisation energies are plotted on a graph?

A

A change in energy level
An electron is being removed from an orbital closer to the nucleus so more energy is required

AQA Chemistry (8 decks)

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