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AQA Chemistry > 1.1 Atomic Structure > Flashcards

1.1 Atomic Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the plum pudding model.

A

An atom is a sphere of positive charger with small negative charges distributed evenly throughout

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2
Q

Describe the electron shell model.

A

An atom is a small, dense, central nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons in electron shells

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3
Q

How was the electron shell model discovered?

A

In a scattering experiment done by Rutherford in 1911

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4
Q

What is in the nucleus?

A

Protons & Neutrons

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5
Q

What charge does the nucleus have?

A

Positive

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6
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

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7
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

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8
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

1/1840

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9
Q

How can the maximum number orbiting electrons that can be held in a shell be calculated?

A

2 to the power of the shell number

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10
Q

What is the mass number of an atom?

A

A sum of protons and neutrons in an tom

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11
Q

What letter is used to represent mass number?

A

A

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12
Q

What is the atomic number of an atom?

A

The number of protons in an atom

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13
Q

What letter is used to represent mass number?

A

Z

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14
Q

What is relative atomic mass?

A

The mean mass of an atom of an element, on a scale in which the mass of an atom of carbon-12 is 12

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15
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but a different number of neutrons

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16
Q

How do different isotopes compare?

A

React chemically the same due to proton and electron configuration

Different physical properties due to different mass number

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17
Q

What is Deuterium?

A

An isotope of hydrogen
1 proton 1 neutron

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18
Q

What is Tritium?

A

An isotope of hydrogen
1 proton 2 neutrons

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19
Q

What is an ion?

A

Formed when an atoms loses or gains electrons
No longer neutral - have an overall charge

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20
Q

What is mass spectrometry?

A

An analytical technique used to identify different isotopes and find the overall relative atomic mass of an element

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21
Q

What is Time Of Flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy?

A

Form of mass spectroscopy that records the time it takes for ions of each isotope to reach a detector

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22
Q

What does TOF mass spectroscopy produce?

A

Spectra showing each isotope present

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23
Q

Name the five stages of TOF mass spectroscopy.

A

Ionisation
Acceleration
Ion drift
Detection
Analysis

24
Q

Name the two types of ionisation.

A

Electron impact ionisation
Electrospray ionisation

25
What happens during electron impact ionisation in TOF mass spectroscopy?
Sample is vapourised and fired with high energy electrons from an electron gun Results in one electron knocked off each particle
26
What happens during electrospray ionisation in TOF mass spectroscopy?
Sample is dissolved in a volatile solvent and injected into the mass spectrometer through high voltage Results in electrons removed from atoms
27
What happens during acceleration in TOF mass spectroscopy?
The positively charged ions are accelerated towards a negatively charged detection plate
28
What happens during ion drift in TOF mass spectroscopy?
The ions are separated based on their mass Lighter ions have a shorter drift time
29
What happens during detection in TOF mass spectroscopy?
The positive ions are attracted to the negatively charged detection plate The ions gain an electron producing a flow of charge
30
How does abundance affect current produced in TOF detection?
Greater abundance, greater current
31
What happens during analysis in TOF mass spectroscopy?
Current values are used in combination with flight times to produce a spectra with the relative abundance of each isotope displayed
32
What effect does a 2+ charged ion have on spectra?
The mass to charge ratio is halved
33
How can relative atomic mass be calculated using a spectra?
Ar = (m/z x abundance) / total abundance
34
What is an orbital?
General region in which an electron is likely to be found
35
Name the four different types of orbital.
s-orbital p-orbital d-orbital f-orbital
36
What shape does the s-orbital have?
Spherical
37
What shape does the p-orbital have?
Dumbbell
38
What shape does the d-orbital have?
Clover
39
Where is the s-block located on the periodic table?
Left
40
Where is the d-block located on the periodic table?
Middle
41
Where is the p-block located on the periodic table?
Right
42
Where is the f-block located on the periodic table?
Separate block
43
How many electrons can an s-orbital hold?
2
44
How many electrons can a p-orbital hold?
6
45
How many electrons can a d-orbital hold?
10
46
How do electrons act within an orbital?
Pair up with opposite spin so atom is as stable as possible
47
How is spin represented?
By arrows
48
State the three rules for writing electron configuration.
Lowest energy orbital filled first Electrons with same spin full up orbital before pairing No single orbital holds more than two electrons
49
What causes an atom to be unstable?
Unpaired electron spins Produces natural repulsion between electrons
50
What is ionisation energy?
The minimum energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms in a gaseous state
51
What unit is ionisation energy measured in?
kJmol⁻¹
52
Describe how energy changes with successive ionisation.
More energy is needed to overcome the increasing electrostatic force of attraction between the positive nucleus and negative outer electron
53
What trend is followed with first ionisation energies across a period?
First ionisation energy increases due to a decreasing atomic radius which increases the effect of electrostatic forces of attraction
54
What trend is followed with first ionisation energies down a group?
First ionisation energy decreases due to an increasing atomic radius and shielding which reduces the effect of electrostatic forces of attraction
55
What does a sudden large increase indicate when successive ionisation energies are plotted on a graph?
A change in energy level An electron is being removed from an orbital closer to the nucleus so more energy is required

AQA Chemistry (10 decks)

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