Nose and pharynx Flashcards
name the paranasal sinuses
- Frontal sinuses
- ethmoidal sinuses
- orbital plate of themoid bone
- maxillary sinuses
- roots of posterior upper molars
- frontal sinus
- superior concha
- pituitary gland
- sphenoidal sinus
- inferior concha
- middle concha
which paranasal sinuses drain into the middle meatus?
what does the middle ethmoidal sinus drain into?
what does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?
drain into middle meatus:
frontal sinus, maxilalry sinus, anterior ethmoidal
middle ethmoidal sinuses drain into ethmoidal bulla which drains into superior bulla
sphenoid sinus drains into posterior roof
what does the nasolacrimal duct drain into
what does the auditory/ eustachian tube drain into, clinical relevance
where is referred pain from sinusitis felt?
nasolacrimal duct drains into the inferior meatus
eustachian tube drains into the inferior meatus–> potential route for spread of infection
referred pain from the sinuses are felt in the teeth (anterior ethmoidal nerve)
what are nasal concha?
curved shelves of bone that project out of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity (maxillary bone, nasal bone, ethmoid and sphenoidal)
label the bones that make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
1) frontal process of the maxilla
2) lacrimal bone
3) superior concha of the ethmoid bone
4) middle concha of thr ethmoid bone
5) perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
6) medial plate of ther pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
7) inferior concha
11) nasal bone
which 5 arteries anastamose on the anterior nasal septum to form little’s area?
what is venous drainage to anterior nose?
- anterior ethmoidal artery (int carotid)
- posterior ethmoidal artery (int carotid)
- sphenopalatine artery (ext carotid)
- greater palatine artery (ext carotid)
- septal branch of the superior labial artery (ext carotid)
venous drainage= pterygoid plexus, facial vein, cavernous sinus
How many concha are there?
how many meatuses do they produce?
3
4 meatuses
Innervation can be split into special and general innervationn
- what nerves give special sense to the nose?
- which nerve gives general sensation to the septum and lateral walls of the nose?
- which nerve gives genera; sensation to the external skin of the nose?
nose
special sense: olfactory nerve
general sense to septum and lateral wall: nasopalatine nerve (branch of nasopalatine) and the nasociliary nerve
general sense to external skin- trigmeninal nerve
Which lymph nodes drain the lateral portion of the nose?
which nodes drain the posterior 2/3 + ethmoid sinus?
- submaxillary nodes
- retropharyngeal and superior cervical nodes
which nerve is responsible for the afferent loop of the gag reflex?
nerve for the efferent loop?
run through the timeline of the gag reflex
how is the gag relfex tested?
gag afferent: glossopharyngeal nerve
gag efferent: vagus nerve
- soft palate stimulation
- afferent impulse via glossopharyngeal nerve to glossopharyngeal, spinal trigeminal and solitary tract nuclei
- these excite motor neruones in the nucleus ambiguous
- excitation of the vagus nerve
- pharyngeal constriction
the nucelus ambiguous also stiulates the maxillary nerve (jaw opening) and hypoglossal (tongue protrusion)
To test the gag reflex, you gently touch first one and then the other palatal arch with a cotton swab or tongue blade, waiting each time for gagging. If the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is damaged on one side, there will be no response when touched
what is the pharynx?
where does it begin and end?
what are its 3 divisions?
pharynx- muscular tube that connects the oral and nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus
spans from the base of the skull to the bottom of the cricoid cartilage C6
split into:
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
what are the borders of the nasopharynx
what epithelium lines it
which tonsils are found in the postosuperior nasopharynx?
- oropharynx
- starts at the base of the skull –> ends at the soft palate
- lined with respiratory epithelium- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- adenoid tonsils
Which 4 structures are contained in thr oropharynx
what is the function of the oropharynx
spans from the soft palate to the superior border of the epiglottis
- posterior 1/3 of the tongue
- lingial tonsils- lymphoid tissue at the base of the tongue
- palatine tonsils- located in the tonsilar fossa
- superior contrictor muscles
function: voluntary and involuntary phases of swallowing
name these tonsils found in the head and neck
blue, purple, orange and green
blue- pharyngeal tonsil
purple- tubal tonsil
orange- palatine tonsil
green- lingual tonsil
muscles of the pharynx
how many muscles make up the pharynx? how can you group them?
they are all innervated by which nerve? apart from one which is innervated by the?
6 muscles make up the pharynx
you can group the pharyngeal muscles into longitudinal and circular muscles
they are all innervated by the vagus nerve apart from stylopharyngeus which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve
