Norway's energy strategy Flashcards
Norway’s locational geography:
high annual rainfall of 2000mm with no dry season
evaporation rates are low
water is a non-critical renewable resource
high relief with mountainous topography
Norway’s energy mix in 2015
96% HEP
1.8% natural gas
1.7% wind
0.5% others
info about Norway’s HEP
most is publicly owned and accounts for almost all of the electricity production.
electricity consumption by sector in 2015
industry 38.1%
residential 31.5%
commercial 23.3%
other 6.5%
transport 0.7%
why is transport electricity consumption so low
0.7% as public transport it all electrified.
how is transport aiming to become electrified
commissioned world first electric ferries and fishing boats
goal to electrify all domestic air travel by 2040
what factors affect the supply of energy in Norway?
weather
technology
climate change
Electricity Certificate Act
Current Affairs
Cost
how does the Electricity Certificate Act affect supply of energy in Norway
to promote increased production from renewable source.
power producers receive a certificate for every MWh they produce which will be an extra income when demand is low with high supply
how do current affairs affect the supply of energy in Norway
August 2022 - drought and the Russia invasion of Ukraine. Norway exported to places Russia previously did. Reservoir levels were low.
December 2022 - New onshore windfarm increased the capacity of energy able to be produced.
factors affecting Norway’s demand for energy
sustainability
level of development
climate
world energy prices
energy policy
Case study of a located scheme to produce electricity
Three Gorges Dam China
why was the dam built
to control major flooding
provide HEP to increase the country’s energy security
improve navigation by raising the water lvl
increase the viability of water transfer schemes to areas short of water
successes of the three gorges dam:
energy is non-polluting and renewable therefore less reliance on coal
annual cost to operate and maintain are 1% of investment costs
easy and quick to adjust to changes in demand
increasing the energy mix - diversification
equal distribution of resources, energy is available up to 100km away
reduces economic disparities as those in rural areas can have electricity
intercepted 18.2bn cubic m of potential floodwater
issues with the three gorges dam SUPPLY:
production was limited until 2012
due to lack of rain, energy produced fell by 30%
need for another dam (Baihetan) to be built - suggesting that TGD cannot produce enough energy
issues with demand for the three gorges dam:
nations total energy demand grew by over 1,880TWh in the past 5 years
expected increase as further rural-urban migration occurs
china’s developing rapidly, need to energy to keep this going
as china starts to phase out coal, further reliance on HEP
what is Norway’s total consumption of energy
118TWh in 2015
second most electricity per person among IEA communities
when do changes in demand occur
annually - seasonal changes
daily - residential fluctuations
long term - increasing
why do changes in demand occur
cold winters = high domestic demand
increase in incomes as a result of development
How does Norway reduce its electricity demand?
controlling prices through tax
Energy conservation measures - efficiency
industrial energy efficiency network - grants to compare performance and savings
environmental impacts of Norway’s electrical energy strategy
hydropower reservoirs caused an initial increase in greenhouse gas emissions
although as it has a cool climate, methane production is lower
has a larger land footprint that fossil fuels
contributes to global habitat degradation - changes to aquatic ecosystems
how are environmental impacts of Norway’s’ energy strategy being managed?
there is a minimum rate of water flow to allow fish to migrate upstream
both HEP power plants undergone modernisation in 2016 to repair environmental damage
