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WSET D3 > North East Italy > Flashcards

North East Italy Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is NE Italy?

A
  • North Eastern Italy, bordering the Austrian Alps to the north and Slovenia to the East (45º-46º30′)
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2
Q

Describe Vini delle Dolomiti IGP?

A
  • An IGT spanning Trentino-Alto Adige and some Veneto (but the vast majority of wines are from Trentino-Alto Adige)
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3
Q

Describe Trentino DOC labelling terms?

A
  • Blanco - Minimum 80% Chardonnay and/or Pinot Bianco
  • Rosso - Varietal or blends of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Carmenere and Merlot
  • Single variety wines - min 85% named
  • Two variety blends from shorter list
  • Rosé (Rosato/Kretzer)
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4
Q

What is the influence of Moderate continental climate on the wines of Trentino

A
  • Daytime temperatures can be high due to the mountains providing protection from winds, the lake in the south and the heat build up on the valley floor.
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5
Q

What is the influence of Lake Garda on the wines of Trentino

A
  • Lies to the south
  • Moderates temperature
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6
Q

What is the influence of The Alps on the wines of Trentino

A
  • Creates large diurnal range due to cold air descending from mountains at night.
  • Retains acidity and prolongs growing season, increasing concentration.
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7
Q

What is the influence of high allowable yields on the wines of Trentino

A
  • Questionable that the DOC is uniformly high quality
  • Has encouraged some growers to not use Trentino DOC
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8
Q

What are the growing-environment factors that influence the wines of Trentino?

A
  • Moderate continental climate
  • Lake Garda
  • The Alps
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9
Q

What are the wine-law factors that influence the wines of Trentino?

A
  • high allowable yields
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10
Q

Describe Moderate continental climate in Trentino

A
  • Daytime temperatures can be high due to the mountains providing protection from winds, the lake in the south and the heat build up on the valley floor.
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11
Q

Describe Lake Garda in Trentino

A
  • Lies to the south
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12
Q

Describe the dry white wines of Trentino

A
  • Unoaked, fresh Pinot Grigio, Chardonnay and Müller-Thurgau
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13
Q

Describe the dry red wines of Trentino

A
  • Typically Teroldego, Merlot, Marzemino
  • Made in two styles, most fresh and fruity, also a minority of premium reds
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14
Q

What is the influence of fermentation temperature on the dry white wines of Trentino

A
  • Most white wines are fermented in stainless steel at low (12-16C) temp
  • Retains primary fruit character
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15
Q

What is the influence of lees aging on the dry white wines of Trentino

A
  • Maybe briefly aged on lees and released promptly
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16
Q

What is the influence of oak aging on the dry white wines of Trentino

A
  • some premium whites may be aged in small oak barrels (small proportion of new oak)
  • Adds vanilla and spice notes
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17
Q

What are the wine-making factors that influence the dry white wines of Trentino?

A
  • fermentation temperature
  • lees aging
  • oak aging
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18
Q

What is the influence of fermentation temps on the dry red wines of Trentino

A
  • fresh styles moderate temp (17-20C)
  • premium styles higher (26-32C)
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19
Q

What is the influence of aging on the dry red wines of Trentino

A
  • fresh styles stainless steel or neutral wood
  • premium styles small oak barrels with some new oak
  • vanilla, sweet spice on premium styles with medium(+) - pronounced fruit intensity
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20
Q

What is the influence of maceration on the dry red wines of Trentino

A
  • fresh styles 5-7 days on skins during fermentation
  • premium styles 7-14 days after fermentation
  • gives medium tannin, medium body
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21
Q

What are the wine-making factors that influence the dry red wines of Trentino?

A
  • fermentation temps
  • aging
  • maceration
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22
Q

Describe Teroldego in Trentino

A
  • Most common black variety in Trentino
  • Best clones are 145 and 152
  • Best quality from Teroldeg Rotaliano DOC, outside of here wines must be labelled Vini delle Dolomiti IGP.
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23
Q

Describe Marzemino in Trentino

A
  • Black variety
  • Prone to botrytic bunch rot and powdery mildew
  • Best wines from Ziresi subzon of Trentino DOC (due to exposure and calcareous/clay and basalt)
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24
Q

Describe Lagrein in Trentino

A
  • Needs a warm site with plenty of sunshine.
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25
Q

Describe Moscato Rosa in Trentino

A
  • Member of the Moscato family used to make rose scented sweet wines
  • Wines made by appassimento or late harvest fruit
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26
Q

Describe Nosiola in Trentino

A
  • White variety
  • Produces small volume of distinctive white wines with hazelnut flavour
  • Also used for Vino Santo (a semi-dried fruit wine)
  • Grown in the warmest area (Valley of the Lakes)
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27
Q

What are the characteristics of Lagrein in Trentino?

A
  • Subject of poor fruit set
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28
Q

Why are the disadvantages of Lagrein being Subject of poor fruit set in Trentino

A
  • Low yields
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29
Q

What are the characteristics of Moscato Rosa in Trentino?

A
  • Suffers from poor fruit set and susceptibility to botrytis bunch rot
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30
Q

Why are the disadvantages of Moscato Rosa being Suffers from poor fruit set and susceptibility to botrytis bunch rot in Trentino

A
  • Difficult to grow successfully
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31
Q

What are the characteristics of Nosiola in Trentino?

A
  • Vulnerable to spring frosts, powdery mildew and sour rot
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32
Q

Where is Alto Adige?

A
  • North of Trentino in north-west Italy
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33
Q

Describe Bassa Atesina?

A
  • One of the two larges growing zones (not sub-zones)
  • In the south of the province with the warmer climate.
  • All main varietals except Schiava is grown
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34
Q

Describe Oltradige?

A
  • One of the two larges growing zones (not sub-zones)
  • Includes the Lake Caldaro area
  • Schiava, with Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon in the valleys. Pnot Noir and white varieties at high altitudes.
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35
Q

Describe Alto Adige DOC labelling terms?

A
  • Blanco - Minimum 75% Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio, Pinot Bianco (must be 2 and neither > 70%)
  • Single variety wines - min 85% named
  • Two variety blends in wich both must be > 15%
  • Possible to label with one of 6 subzones
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36
Q

Describe Consortium Alto Adige Wines?

A
  • Body that promotes the wines of the area.
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37
Q

What is the influence of Alps to the North on the wines of Alto Adige

A
  • Provide protection from cold winds from the north
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38
Q

What is the influence of altitude on the wines of Alto Adige

A
  • Vines typically grown 300-700m
  • Creates favourable diurnal range for ripening grapes while retaining acidity.
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39
Q

What is the influence of rainfall on the wines of Alto Adige

A
  • Spread through the year with a low amount in winter.
  • Can sometimes be a concern at harvest.
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40
Q

What is the influence of variety of soils on the wines of Alto Adige

A
  • Large variety; volcanic porphyry, quartz and mica, and Dolomite limestone
  • Gives producers a range suitable for different varieties.
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41
Q

What is the influence of Co-operatives on the wines of Alto Adige

A
  • Very important as average holdings per grower are ~1ha
  • Work to encourage quality and pay high prices to incentivise
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42
Q

What is the influence of Sales on the wines of Alto Adige

A
  • 75% in Italy, almost half of that in the province
  • Hospitality most important, followed by specialist stores
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43
Q

What are the growing-environment factors that influence the wines of Alto Adige?

A
  • Mild Alpine climate
  • Alps to the North
  • altitude
  • rainfall
  • variety of soils
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44
Q

What are the wine-business factors that influence the wines of Alto Adige?

A
  • Co-operatives
  • Sales
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45
Q

Describe altitude in Alto Adige

A
  • Vines typically grown 300-700m
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46
Q

Describe rainfall in Alto Adige

A
  • Spread through the year with a low amount in winter.
  • Can sometimes be a concern at harvest.
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47
Q

Describe variety of soils in Alto Adige

A
  • Large variety; volcanic porphyry, quartz and mica, and Dolomite limestone
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48
Q

Describe Co-operatives in Alto Adige

A
  • Very important as average holdings per grower are ~1ha
  • Work to encourage quality and pay high prices to incentivise
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49
Q

Describe Sales in Alto Adige

A
  • 75% in Italy, almost half of that in the province
  • Hospitality most important, followed by specialist stores
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50
Q

Describe the dry wines of Alto Adige

A
  • Pale red Schiava
  • International varietals - Pinot Grigio, Gewürztraminer, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc
  • Mostly good - very good, inexpensive to mid priced
  • Some very good - outstanding, mid to premium priced (especially Pinot Noir)
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51
Q

What is the influence of fermentation temperature on the dry wines of Alto Adige

A
  • For whites, low to moderate temps (12-15C)
  • retains fruit aromas
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52
Q

What is the influence of lees aging on the dry wines of Alto Adige

A
  • mid priced wines may be kept on lees 4-6 months
  • fills out the body of the wine
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53
Q

What is the influence of oak aging on the dry wines of Alto Adige

A
  • some top wines are aged in French bariques
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54
Q

What are the wine-making factors that influence the dry wines of Alto Adige?

A
  • fermentation temperature
  • lees aging
  • oak aging
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55
Q

Describe Schiava in Alto Adige

A
  • Four varieties identified but typically grown and vinified together
  • Typically grown on a pergola to cope with vigour - high yielding
  • Produces pale light/medium body wines
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56
Q

Where is Friuli-Venezia Giulia?

A
  • Italy’s most North-Easterly regions. Bordering both Austria and Slovenia, and the Adriatic to the South.
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57
Q

Describe Consorzio Tutela Vini Collio?

A
  • Growers association
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58
Q

Describe Consorzio Tutela Vini Friuli Colli Orientali e Ramandolo?

A
  • Growers association overseeing Colli Orientali del Friuli, Ramandolo, Picolit and Rasazzo
59
Q

What is the influence of climate on the wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • Warm Maritime
60
Q

What is the influence of Adriatic Sea on the wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • Warm air meets cooler air from the alps
61
Q

What is the influence of rainfall on the wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • High, 1200mm per year (1/3rd more than Bordeaux) with accompanying humidity.
  • Requires more work to combat disease and makes organic viticulture difficult.
62
Q

What is the influence of zones on the wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • The region can be divided into the plain and the low hills.
  • Corresponds to a distinction between everyday wines and higher quality wines
  • Everyday wines are made from higher-yielding fruit grown on alluvial plain (more fertile than hillside)
  • Higher quality wines come from the hillside vines with calcerous marl and sandstone
63
Q

What is the influence of competition on the wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • has increased focus on promoting red wines due to other regions producing lower priced clean white wines
64
Q

What are the growing-environment factors that influence the wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia?

A
  • climate
  • rainfall
  • zones
65
Q

What are the feature factors that influence the wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia?

A
  • Adriatic Sea
66
Q

What are the wine-business factors that influence the wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia?

A
  • reputation in Italian restaurant and specialist markety
  • success in wine competitions
  • competition
67
Q

Describe climate in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • Warm Maritime
68
Q

Describe Adriatic Sea in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • Warm air meets cooler air from the alps
69
Q

Describe rainfall in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • High, 1200mm per year (1/3rd more than Bordeaux) with accompanying humidity.
70
Q

Describe zones in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • The region can be divided into the plain and the low hills.
71
Q

Describe the dry white wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • clean, mainly unoaked introduced in 1960s
  • began with stainless, temp control, cultivated yeasts
  • in recent decades experimentation with late harvest fruit, skin maceration and use of oak
72
Q

Describe the red wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • from international varieties (mainly Merlot) and local (often tannic) ones
73
Q

Describe the orange wines of Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • center for orange wines (especially Collio)
  • long maceration (8 days up to 6-8 months)
  • oak aging up to 2 years in large format
  • ambient yeasts, no temp control
  • pronounced flavours of dried fruits, dried herbs, hay and nuts
74
Q

Describe Friulano in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • Formerly known as Tokai Friulano
  • Can be made in stainless steel to preserve aromatics (most common) or lightly oaked
  • Best wines have capacity to age
  • Range from good-very good, mid-priced to premium.
75
Q

Describe Ribolla Gialla in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • Grown only in Collio/Colli Orientali
  • Needs hillside sites to lower vigour
  • Prone to shot millerandage (shot berries)
  • Many styles experimented with.
76
Q

Describe Rofosco in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • Most planted of the local black varieties
  • Vigorous (best grown on hillsides)
77
Q

What are the characteristics of Friulano in Friuli-Venezia Giulia?

A
  • disease resistance
78
Q

Why are the advantages of Friulano being disease resistance in Friuli-Venezia Giulia

A
  • Important in a region with high rainfall
79
Q

Where is Collio DOC / Collio Orientali del Friuli DOC?

A
  • Most important hillside DOCs
80
Q

Describe principal wines?

A
  • single varietal Friuliano, Ribolla Gialla, Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay
81
Q

Where is Grave del Friuli DOC / Friuli Isonzo DOC?

A
  • Most important DOCs on the plain
82
Q

Describe the sweet wines of Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG

A
  • Once a competitor to Tokaj
  • Made from air dried grapes
83
Q

What is the influence of Picolit bunch size on the sweet of Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG

A
  • Small bunches (10-15 berries) cause small volumes
84
Q

What are the wine-making factors that influence the sweet of Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG?

A
  • Picolit bunch size
85
Q

Describe the sweet wines of Ramandolo DOCG

A
  • air dried grapes from Verduzzo
86
Q

Where is Friuli DOC?

A
  • DOC wine from across the growing areas of Friuli
87
Q

Where is Veneto?

A
  • Extends from the southern end of Lake Garda in the west to Venice in the east, and foothills of the Alps in the north to the Po river delta in the south.
88
Q

Describe Veneto IGP?

A
  • High yield inexpensive international varieties producing simple, fruity, inexpensive wines.
89
Q

What is the influence of climate on the wines of Veneto

A
  • Warm, moderately continental
90
Q

What is the influence of rainfall on the wines of Veneto

A
  • moderate
91
Q

What is the influence of altitude on the wines of Veneto

A
  • vineyards in the foothills receive cooling influence, and large diurnal range
92
Q

What is the influence of Lake Garda on the wines of Veneto

A
  • breezes cool vineyards in the west
93
Q

What is the influence of River Adige and Po River valley on the wines of Veneto

A
  • Moist air and fog affects the flat plains. Increases need for spraying
94
Q

What is the influence of Soils on the wines of Veneto

A
  • Rich soils on the plains contribute to high yields
  • Hillside sites have better drainage and less rich soil benefiting quality production
95
Q

What are the growing-environment factors that influence the wines of Veneto?

A
  • climate
  • rainfall
  • altitude
  • Lake Garda
  • River Adige and Po River valley
  • Soils
96
Q

Describe climate in Veneto

A
  • Warm, moderately continental
97
Q

Describe rainfall in Veneto

A
  • moderate
98
Q

Where is Soave?

A
  • East of Verona. Two parts; the foothills to the north and flat plain in the south near River Adige.
99
Q

What is the influence of Small Growers on the wines of Soave

A
  • Means co-ops are important for production
100
Q

What is the influence of Competition from other regions on the wines of Soave

A
  • Demand peaked in 60s/70s but lost ground to volume Pinot Grigio from elsewhere. Low quality vines are being replaced with Pinot Grigio
101
Q

What is the influence of Soave Consorzio on the wines of Soave

A
  • Has been classifying single vineyars across the region and 33 ‘cru’ vineyards have been approved
102
Q

What are the wine-business factors that influence the wines of Soave?

A
  • Small Growers
  • Competition from other regions
  • Soave Consorzio
103
Q

Describe Garganega in Soave

A
  • Not typically oaked, but some high end examples are
  • With age develop aromas of almond and honey
  • Good - very good quality (acceptable - good on plains)
  • Inexpensive to mid priced (inexpensive on plains)
  • Also made by appassimento method
104
Q

What are the characteristics of Garganega in Soave?

A
  • Late Ripening
  • Very productive
  • Vigorous
  • Sensitive to winter cold, mildew and botrytis
105
Q

Describe the dry wines of Soave DOC

A
  • Grapes from entire region
  • Minimum 70% Gargenega
  • Up to 30% Trebbiano di Soave (Verdicchio) or Chardonnay
  • Max 5% any other authorised
  • Max yield 105(!)hL/ha
  • Production is around 80% of all Soave
  • Can be sold very young (Dec 1 after harvest)
106
Q

Describe the dry wines of Soave Classico DOC

A
  • From the hilly Classico region, same rules as Soave DOC
  • Slightly lower yields (95hL/ha)
107
Q

Describe the dry wines of Soave Superiore DOCG

A
  • From same hilly zone as Recioto di Soave, same rules as Soave DOC
  • Slightly lower yields (70hL/ha)
108
Q

Describe the sweet wines of Recioto di Soave DOCG

A
  • Grapes from delimited hilly zone, same blend as Soave but semi-dried grapes
  • Low yields, 36hL/ha
  • Rich floral, honeyed with balancing acid.
109
Q

Where is Valpolicella?

A
  • Immediately north of Verona
110
Q

Describe Appassimento?

A
  • Method of picking grapes and drying to semi-dried state before crushing
  • Resulting style is called passito
  • Stored 3-4 months in well aerated lofts
  • Concentrates flavour, raises alcohol
  • Picked early at 11-11.5% potential alcohol to maintain acidity and ensure quality
111
Q

Describe Ripasso?

A
  • Unpressed skins of Amarone or Recioto are taken from the end of fermentation and added to newly made Valpolicells for a second maceration
112
Q

Describe Superiore?

A
  • Option for Valpolicella, Classico and Valpantena wines (not a separate DOCG)
  • Marginally higher minimum alcohol
  • Aged in oak for one year
  • Ruby in colour, greater concentration
113
Q

Describe Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG?

A
  • Sweet, semi-dried grape wines
  • Sourced anywhere in the Valpolicella DOC
  • Not a distinct geographical indication, rather a style
114
Q

Describe Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG?

A
  • Dry or just off dry semi-dried grape wines
  • Sourced anywhere in the Valpolicella DOC
  • Not a distinct geographical indication, rather a style
  • Min 14% - typically 15%+
  • Max yields 48hL/ha
  • Max RS 9g/L, typically 5-9g
  • 2 years aging, 5 years for Riserva
  • Wide range of quality and price
115
Q

Describe Valpolicella Ripasso DOC?

A
  • Sourced anywhere in the Valpolicella DOC
  • Not a distinct geographical indication, rather a style
  • Made in the Ripasso method
116
Q

What is the influence of soils on the wines of Valpolicella

A
  • Limestone and volcanic soils in north
  • Gravel and sand in the south
  • In the north the soils are cooler and slow down ripening, retaining acidity
  • In the south, the wines are fruitier with lower acidity and lower concentration
117
Q

What are the growing-environment factors that influence the wines of Valpolicella?

A
  • soils
118
Q

Describe soils in Valpolicella

A
  • Limestone and volcanic soils in north
  • Gravel and sand in the south
119
Q

Describe the wines of Valpolicella

A
  • The wines are all Corvina-dominant blends in a range of styles
  • Corvina/Corinone 45-95% of blend
  • Rondinells 5-30%
  • Other authorised including Molinara
120
Q

Describe Corvina Veronese in Valpolicella

A
  • Vigorous, high yields
  • Thick skins make suitable for drying
  • Well suited to pergola training, but can be grown carefully on trellises
  • Mostly blended with Valpolicella
121
Q

Describe Corvinone in Valpolicella

A
  • Not related to Corvina
  • Good compliment to Corvina in blends, supplies tannins and red cherry
  • Dries well
122
Q

Describe Rodinella in Valpolicella

A
  • Can give rather neutral, simple cherry wines
123
Q

Describe Molinara in Valpolicella

A
  • Contributes acidity, red berried fruits
  • Grown less as produces pale wines
124
Q

What are the characteristics of Corvina Veronese in Valpolicella?

A
  • Prone to downy mildew, botrytis, esca. Sensitive to drought
  • Mid to late ripening
125
Q

What are the characteristics of Corvinone in Valpolicella?

A
  • Berries to not ripen uniformly
126
Q

Why are the disadvantages of Corvinone being Berries to not ripen uniformly in Valpolicella

A
  • Fruit must be picked over bunch by bunch
127
Q

What are the characteristics of Rodinella in Valpolicella?

A
  • Good disease resistance
  • Accumulates sugar quickly
128
Q

Why are the advantages of Rodinella being Good disease resistance in Valpolicella

A
  • Good for drying
129
Q

Why are the advantages of Rodinella being Accumulates sugar quickly in Valpolicella

A
  • Useful for Recioto
130
Q

What is the influence of High yeilds (84hL/ha) on the wines of Valpolicella DOC

A
  • Some wines of low concentration
131
Q

What are the wine-law factors that influence the wines of Valpolicella DOC?

A
  • High yeilds (84hL/ha)
132
Q

Describe the wines of Valpolicella DOC

A
  • Typically good quality (some very good)
  • Inexpensive to mid-price
133
Q

Describe the wines of Valpolicella Classico DOC

A
  • Grapes from the hilly Classico zone
  • Greater concentration than the basic wines
  • Good - very good quality
  • Inexpensive to mid-price
134
Q

Describe the wines of Valpolicella Valpantena DOC

A
  • Wines made from the grapes of the Valpantena valley
135
Q

Where is Pinot Grigio delle Venezie DOC?

A
  • Large area replacing IGP with same name
136
Q

Describe the wines of Pinot Grigio delle Venezie DOC

A
  • Produces 85% of Italian and 40% of the worlds Pinot Grigio
  • Typically good quality
  • Inexpensive to mid-priced
137
Q

What is the influence of high yields on the of Pinot Grigio delle Venezie DOC

A
  • 126hL (down from 152 in IGP)
  • Light to Medium (-) intensity
138
Q

What are the wine-law factors that influence the of Pinot Grigio delle Venezie DOC?

A
  • high yields
139
Q

Where is Bardolino DOC / Bardolino Superiore DOCG?

A
  • Immediately adjacent to Lake Garda
140
Q

Describe the wines of Bardolino DOC / Bardolino Superiore DOCG

A
  • Light body reds and rose
  • Corvina blends
141
Q

Where is Bianco di Custoza DOC?

A
  • Between Verona and Lake Garda
142
Q

Describe the wines of Bianco di Custoza DOC

A
  • Light aromatic, fresh white wines
  • Mainly blends of Trebbiano Toscano, Garganega, Friuliano and optionally Cortese
  • Mainly produced by two large co-ops
143
Q

Where is Laguna DOC?

A
  • South of Lake Garda into Lombardy
144
Q

Describe Turbiana in Laguna DOC

A
  • Same as Verdicchio
  • Some producers may age in oak
  • Some wines can age for 5+ years

WSET D3 (11 decks)

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