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History Normans > Normans: First batch > Flashcards

Normans: First batch Flashcards

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1
Q

England in 1060s: GOVERNMENT

A
  • King and Earls governed England

- Church dealt with legal issues

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2
Q

England in 1060s: POPULATION

A
  • 2million people living in England
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3
Q

England in 1060s: STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY

A

King >
Earls>
Churchmen >
Peasants

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4
Q

England 1060s: COUNTRY

A
  • Separate county’s
  • Borders are different
  • Capital city at the time was Winchester, not London
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5
Q

England 1060s: COUNTY’S

A
  • Northumbria
  • Mercia
  • East Anglia
  • Essex
  • Kent
  • Sussex
  • Wessex
  • Cornwall
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6
Q

England 1060s: WHAT WAS THE COUNTRY LIKE?

A
  • Split into a collection of territories run by earls who were loyal to the King.
  • Economy was based on agriculture and trade
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7
Q

England 1060s: HOW DID THIS IMPACT WHAT SORT OF COUNTRY ENGLAND WAS?

A
  • Caused Viking’s to invade and raise, them settle in the North of England
  • The wealth was high
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8
Q

Edward the Confessor: Death date

A
  • Died 5 January 1066
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9
Q

Claimants to the Throne:

A
  • Harold Godwinson
  • William the Conqueror (William of Normandy)
  • Edgar Aethling
  • Harald Hardrada
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10
Q

Harold Godwinson: Claims

A
  • Harold was the leading noble in England

- the man who Edward supposedly gave the kingdom to on his deathbed.

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11
Q

William of Normandy: Claims

A
  • Believed that Edward had promised him the English throne long before Harold
  • Edward, who was William’s friend and distant cousin, supposedly wrote to the French duke to tell him England would be his in as far back as 1051.
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12
Q

Edgar Aethling: Claims

A
  • Edward the Confessor’s great-nephew, may have been the king’s closest blood relative at the time of his death
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13
Q

Harald Hardrada: Claims

A
  • Stemmed from an agreement supposedly made between his predecessor and a former king of England: Hardicanute
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14
Q

Battle of Stamford Bridge

A
  • After Hardrada victory at Fulford, he gathered his armies and marched North
  • Harold Godwinson caught Tostig and Harald by surprise at Stamford Bridge
  • Date of battle: 25th September
  • Harold’s men won, Tostig and Harald being killed in the battle
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15
Q

Battle of Stamford Bridge, cont.

A
  • Harold placed all troops on South Coast; gets fed up and sends troops home
  • September 20th: Battle of Fulford (Viking victory)
  • York surrendered
  • Harold gathered army and went North
  • Huscarl and Fyrd (Harold’s army)
  • Viking’s left all armour in ships
  • Outnumbered
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16
Q

Battle of Hastings

A
  • On September 28, 1066, William landed in England at Pevensey, on Britain’s southeast coast, with approximately 7,000 troops and cavalry.
  • Seizing Pevensey, he then marched to Hastings, where he paused to organize his forces.
  • On October 13, Harold arrived near Hastings with his army, and the next day William led his forces out to give battle.
17
Q

Battle of Hastings, cont.

A
  • On Saturday 14th October 1066, they met at a place called Senlac Hill near Hastings to fight each other.
  • The battle lasted all day and thousands of men were killed and injured.
  • The army from France were much better-trained than the English, and had better weapons and horses.
  • The English army were tired from the journey and also because they had recently had a battle with a Norwegian army, whose leader wanted Harold’s crown too.
  • Eventually, King Harold II was killed. It is thought he was struck in the eye with an arrow, although historians are still arguing over whether this is actually true.
18
Q

Military, castles etc.

A
  • William had trouble establishing control of England, and often had Earls etc rebelling against him
  • To tackle this problem, William built castles wherever he went
  • Since he had a large army, he stationed many soldiers outside of the castles to man them whilst he was away
19
Q

Military presence, cont.

A
  • Sometimes they would get the English to build the castles
  • To pay for the huge army, William upped taxes
  • Higher taxes = more soldiers = heavily guarded castles (terror link)
20
Q

How was William challenged as King?

A
  • 1075: 3 most powerful men in England plotted to overthrow William; Revolt of the Northern Earls
  • Included Norman’s and Anglo-Saxons rebelling together
  • Revolt leader: Ralph de Gael, Rodger de Bretellil and Waltheof
  • Plotted to divide kingdom into 3
21
Q

Reasons the revolt failed:

A
  • The Danes did not arrive in time to support
  • The armies of the Earls were prevented from combining
  • Waltheof reported the plot to Lanfranc
  • The revolt was poorly planned and never had much support
22
Q

Fate of Ralph of Norfolk:

A
  • Cornered by royal army, some of his men were captured but Ralph managed to flee to Norwich, then overseas to Brittany
  • Left his wife Emma to defend the castle against the King’s army
  • She surrendered but negotiated safe passage for herself and her men to join Ralph in Brittany
  • Men who had been captured were tortured as a warning not to rebel against William
23
Q

Fate of Roger of Hereford:

A
  • Captured, all his lands were taken by the King and granted to others
  • Imprisoned for the rest of his life, dying in 1087
24
Q

Fate of Waltheof:

A
  • Put on trial
  • May 1076: Taken out of prison and hurried to be executed
  • Initially, his body was thrown into a ditch, but his wife requested it be buried in a monastery
25
Q

Important factors for a castle: LOCATION

A
  • Needed access to wood, water and food
  • Be able to see attackers coming
  • Have natural advantages for defences and be able to protect/defend important routes e.g. rivers
26
Q

Important factors for a castle: WATER

A
  • Have access to water in case of a siege
27
Q

Important factors for a castle: MARCHLANDS

A
  • Border between Wales and England

- Protected them from English/Welsh rebels

28
Q

Important factors for a castle: NATURAL RESOURCES

A
  • Necessary to survive; wood, water etc
29
Q

Important factors for a castle: STONE

A
  • Necessary to build the castle
30
Q

Most important reason for building a castle?

A

Strategic:
- Norman’s needed strong bases because the Anglo-Saxons didn’t want William to be their King, so he needed to protect himself

31
Q

Most important reason for building a castle?

A

Symbolic:

  • Tall, big castles struck terror to those who lived around it or come across it
  • Not easy to breach
  • Showed William’s power to anyone wanting to rebel against him

History Normans (2 decks)

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