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History - GCSE > Norman England - Part One - Claimants and Battles > Flashcards

Norman England - Part One - Claimants and Battles Flashcards

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1
Q

Edward the Confessor

Edward Confessor’s Reign

A
  • English king from 1042 -> 1066
  • dies on 5th january 1066
  • devout christian -> was celibate -> died childless
  • married to Edith Godwin
  • largley stable + peaceful reign

also may not of had children due to his dislike of father-in-law earl go

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2
Q

Edward relations - Godwins

Edward Confessor’s Reign

A
  • earl godwin - most powerful anglo-saxon nobel (controlled wessex)
  • Edward relied of Earl Godwins military
  • Godwin was exiled after refusing to follow orders
  • was reinstated and increased the earls power + land
  • in mid 1060s they were highly powerful and advised edward.
  • edward married earl godwins daughter Edith

Harold Godwinson took over as earl of wessex in 1053

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3
Q

Edward relations - Normany

Edward Confessor’s Reign

A
  • norman mother (emma of normandy)
  • spent early life in normandy (in exile)
  • on becoming king made his closest advisors norman (-> this angered people like earl godwinson)
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4
Q

Edgar Aethling - Strenghts

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • nearest blood relative of Edward (great newphew)
  • edgars father (edward the exile) was named successor by king in 1056
  • had ived with edward the confessor
  • was anglo-saxon -> had earl support
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5
Q

Edgar Aethling - Weaknesses

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • was 14
  • no military + money + experinces
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6
Q

Harald Hardrada - Strenghts

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • King of Norway for 20 years (had military experince + was seasoned warrior + had control of his land)
  • Had support of Harold Godwinsons brother tostig (who offered Harald northern englands support)
  • had support of the scandinavian north
  • Related to king cnut (1016->1035)
  • Haralds father (Magnus) had been promised throne by Cnuts son (harthacnut)
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7
Q

Harald Hardrada - weaknesses

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • no direct blood tied
  • had already been denies throne once (by edward confessor)
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8
Q

Harold Godwinson - strenghts

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • most important earl in england (wessex)
  • brother in law with Edward
  • richest man in england
  • good military leader
  • subregulus - ran england for edward + represented him in battles (from 1060)
  • Alledged that edward promised him throne on death bed (post-obitum)
  • english noble supported
  • loyal follower of edward (not like his father)

**- was choosen by the witan to be king **

post-obitum - ‘after death’

subregulus - deputy king

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9
Q

Harold Godwinson - Weaknesses

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • no blood relation
  • alledgedly swore to william of normany that he would support his claim to the throne (he claims this was sworn as a prisoner under death threat so not binding)
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10
Q

William of Normandy - Strengths

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • Succsessful + brutal warrior
  • distant cousin of edward (via emma of normandy)
  • Claims edward promised him the throne after he helped edward when the godwinsons rebelled
  • harold godwinson had supported his claim (in 1064)
  • wessex + normandy were allies
  • had support of the pope
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11
Q

William of Normandy - weaknesses

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • his claim from godwinson was invalid
  • didnt have english support
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12
Q

Options for Succsession

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • dying words were most important (english)
  • earlier promises were final (norman)
  • witan could choose
  • son of king OR male relative of the king
  • claimants could challenge eachother and the sucsessful claimant was crowned

witan - council made of nobles + leading churchmen

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13
Q

Witan - Choice

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • choose harold godwinson
  • had proven a strong leader + diplomatic
  • best choice for keeping england peaceful (prioirty)
  • edgar was too young
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14
Q

Harold - actions after crowing

Claimants to the Throne

A
  • marched south to prepare for williams invasion
  • left rest of army with edwin and morcar (brothers in law)
  • was immediatly aware of the competion hed recieve
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15
Q

When. Where. Defenders + Invaders. Outline + Outcome

Fulford Gate

Battles

A

when - 20th september 1066
where - fulford (outside of york)
invaders - Harald Hardrada + tostig (harolds brother) + 7000 viking soldiers + 300 ships
defenders - Edwin + Morcar (anglo-saxon earls) + 3500 English northern army.

outline - viking army had superior army numbers
outcome - Both sides had many losses + Edwin and Morcar had to flee, northern army was disorganized.

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16
Q

Battle of Stamford Bridge

Battle

A
  • harold had already disbanded southern army
  • harold travelled 190km in four day

when - 25th september 1066
where - stamford bridge (near york)

invaders - Harald Hardrada + Tostig + viking soldiers (left over from fulford gate)
defender - Anglo-saxons + help from Harold and his army

  • Harold godwinson felt threatened and travelled north to face hardrada.
  • Harold lost 1/3 of his forces but won from his suprise attack.
  • harald and tostig both died
17
Q

William Preparing to attack

Battles

A
  • was given papal banner from the pope (holy war)
  • used popes support to raise 8000 men
  • sailed from somme to pevensey with 700 ships
  • immediatly built motte and bailey castle in pevensey
18
Q

Norman war tactics

Battles

A
  • archers
  • cavalry (horseback)
  • proffesional soldeirs
19
Q

Anglo-Saxon military

Battles

A
  • fyrd (peasant soldiers)
  • housecarls (proffesional soldier)
20
Q

Battle of Hastings - outline

battles

A
  1. the anglo-saxons were on the top of senlac hill and william was at the bottom
  2. normans archers were unsucsessful as they were too close + anglo saxon shield wall stopped the infantry charging
  3. fiegned retreat (romours william died) caused the fyrd to chase after them but were killed as the normans turned back
  4. harold was killed leading to disorfer

14th of October 1066

21
Q

Hastings - Luck

Battles

A
  • winds stopped William crossing earlier and having to face a stronger force
  • the winds brough Hardrada to york so the south was unopposed when he landed
  • harold died as the battle may of been prolonged if he hadnt died.
22
Q

Hastings - energy

A
  • harold had to march his army north then back south three days later
  • william was already preparing his army and building castles
23
Q

Hastings - leadership

Battles

A
  • william was a strong military commander
  • william stayed alive and boosted his mens morale until they made a breakthrough
24
Q

Hastings - Tactics

Battles

A
  • lots of military experince
  • used the feigned reatead from normandy to break shield wall.
  • harold made the mistake of using anglo-saxon techniques despite knowing norman ones
  • harold came straight to hasting instead of wating for reinforcements
25
Q

Castles

Control - Castles

A
  • anglo-saxons built royal castles for defence (buhrs)
  • normans built them for offensice patrols ove the area -> the could attack from them
  • norman castles: large, imposing -> to intimidate the area
  • built in strategic areas (welsh border)
  • near towns / on high ground (to see attackers) / water sources/ near river bends or coast to provide natrual moat
  • easy accsess to food/water/resources
26
Q

Motte and Bailey Castles

Control - Castles

A

-motte - earth mound the keep was bult on
bailey - outer area surrounding motte
keep - secure building for earls / important people

  • quick way to impose control initally
  • only took a few days to build
  • easy way to secure towns
  • keep could easily burn or rot -> stone keeps were built
  • built until 1070
27
Q

Harrying of the North

Control - Rebellions

A
  • 1069 - 1070
  • william tried to deal peacefully paying the danes to leave
  • 100,00 - 150,000 people straved / killed
  • land was burnt / salted
  • made the land in the north uninhabitable
  • preempted by rebelessions upnorth supported by the danes and the scots (king malcom)
  • 1086 the domesday book showed the 80% of yorkshire as wasteland.
  • normans became unpopular in england
  • no futher uprising in north
  • gave lots of money to the church
  • pope dissaproved with harrying of the north
  • england church was upset
28
Q

Hereward the Wake

Control - Rebellions

A
  • Hereford was angry because william had confiscate his father land + killed his borther
  • met up with Swegn (king of denmark) + morcar
  • the trio launched guerilla styke attacks in east anglia
  • 1070 burnt peterborough abbey
  • they based themselves in the abbey (surrunded by marshlands) at ely
  • william besieged ely + built rampart across 3km marshlands + then collapsed (to many soldiers)
  • william built siege towers + witch to tormet everyone
  • hereward set fire to tower + area
  • the ely monks told william the secret way to get in
  • rebels surrenderd + hereward dissapears.

History - GCSE (7 decks)

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