Norman England Flashcards
What did William give the tenants in chief and what did they give to him in return?
Land. In return they gave him troops for his army. This obligation was known as a fief.
What was the feudal system?
The system of landholding and the duties/obligations that came with it.
What did the Tenants-In-Chief give the Under-tenants and what did they get in return?
Land. In return they got tax and military service
What did the under-tenants give the peasants and what did they get in return?
Land to be worked. In return they got land service and rent.
What were the tenants in chief military role?
They fought alongside the king and out down local opposition
What was the tenant in chiefs social role?
They gave the king knights and organised land transfer. They also provided courts in each barony.
What was the tenants in chiefs political role?
They gave the king food and shelter when he traveled, and also advice.
What was the tenant in chiefs role in the economy?
They gave the king a share of their revenue
What was homage?
Landowners swore an oath of loyalty on the Bible toward William
What was a relief?
When a tenant died their heir would prove loyalty to William and pay to use that land
What did landholding do?
It was a new system to encourage loyalty and reduced the power of challengers
What was forfeiture?
The punishment for breaking an agreement between a landholder and tenant
What would happen if the landholder didn’t provide the required service?
They pay a fine or forfeit land
How many knights were there in Norman England?
Around 6000
What did knights do?
Guarded the lord’s property, helped defeat threats, dealt with minor cases in manorial courts and provided 40 days of knight service.
How many days of service did knights provide?
40 days
What was labour service?
Work that peasants did in return for the use of land, involving farm work/providing service
What did church clerks do?
Issued the king’s writs
What was a writ?
the king’s written commands
What did church officials do?
Collected taxes and kept a record of what was owed
What did church leaders do?
Kept laws and legal documents
What were bishops and what did they control?
They were the heads of cathedrals who controlled the diocese
What was a regent?
An archbishop who represented the king in negotiations
Who was Lanfranc?
King William’s regent when he was away in Normandy
Who was Stigand? Why was he appointed?
Stigand was the Saxon archbishop of Canterbury, he was appointed because he was a close ally of Earl Godwinson.
Who replaced Stigand in 1020?
Lanfranc, he was made head of the Church in England
What was Stigand accused of?
Simony and pluralism (he was Bishop of Canterbury and Winchester, so had more land/money)
What was simony?
selling of church positions
What was pluralism?
high church officials held multiple positions in the church
What was nepotism?
Positions were also often given to relatives and friends rather than the best candidate.
What did it mean to be celibate?
Members of the clergy weren’t meant to have sex or be married, they had to devote their lives to God
After 1070 how many Saxon bishops were left? Who?
1, it was Wulfstan of Wolcester
Name some of Lanfranc’s reforms
> Built more monasteries
From 1076 priests were only tried in bishops’ courts
Introduced Norman guidelines for following/creating new laws
Wanted more spiritual priests, so banned marriage and made celibacy compulsory
Saxon cathedrals in rural towns were rebuilt in market towns (eg/ Thetford to Norwich)
How much of the land did the church hold?
25%
Name some of the processes of the Normanisation of the Church
> More archdeacons that looked after Church courts
William controlled Church leader/Pope communications to stop people obeying the Pope over him
William chose a bishop’s successor when they died
New bishops did homage to the king
Parish priests were under stricter control and had to follow Norman procedure
Norman bishops and archdeacons influenced messages about the king and God
What was the Domesday book?
a survey of every town in England for tax purpose
Why did the Domesday book come about?
King William ordered a survey at Christmas 1085 to see who held what land and tax info. The results were collected across the country and written into the Domesday book in 1086.
What were the 3 aspects of the Domesday book?
Financial, Legal and Military
What was the financial aspect of the Domesday book?
William wanted to get more money out of his tenants, there was many geld taxes from 1084-86
What was the legal aspect of the Domesday book?
The survey helped solve land disputes and boosted William’s image as a fair king
What was the legal aspect of the Domesday book?
The survey helped solve land disputes and boosted William’s image as a fair king
What was the military aspect of the Domesday book?
There was an invasion threat in 1085 from Denmark. The book showed how many soldiers each tenant could provide.
Name some of the changes to society in Norman England
> KING: William built castles and cathedrals as a power symbol and introduced the feudal system as a way to have full control over society
NOBLES: Earls became tenants-in-chief and their earldoms became smaller to reduce their power. They were no longer in a position to challenge the king’s power
ECONOMY: William stopped trade with Scandinavian countries. Trade with Normandy increased and large cities grew rapidly
WARRIORS: Thegns were replaced by knights, who had less power
PEASANTS/SLAVES: The number of ceorls went down. William wanted more land revenue, bringing peasants under more pressure. the Normans freed many slaves.
What was a Ceorl?
A free peasant (freeman)
Name the continuities of society in Norman England
> KING: Roles in the household didn’t change but William replaced the Saxons with Normans
NOBLES: Saxon earls swore loyalty to Edward and tenant-in-chiefs payed homage to William
ECONOMY: Towns kept trading rights given to them by Saxon kings
WARRIORS: Thegns owed Edward military service and knights owed the king knight service
PEASANTS/SLAVES: Peasants still had to farm for their land, they were still at the very bottom of society
How did William have total control?
He centralized control
Why were some earldoms phased out?
The earl’s power was reduced
What did William use regents for?
To control the country when he was away (eg/ Lanfranc)
How did Sheriff roles change?
> All Saxons were replaced by Normans
They were more powerful
Looked after castles in their shire
Some of their legal roles were taken over by baronial, manorial and church courts
What was forbidden in forests?
> Hunting weapon
Hunting dogs
Damage to the vegetation (for the animals)
Restrictions on cutting wood, building and clearing
What did the forest show people about the king?
He had power and was above everyone else. As he extended it he extended the amount of land he had direct control over.
How did William make money from the forest?
From fining people and selling hunting rights