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Norman England Flashcards

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1
Q

What did William give the tenants in chief and what did they give to him in return?

A

Land. In return they gave him troops for his army. This obligation was known as a fief.

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2
Q

What was the feudal system?

A

The system of landholding and the duties/obligations that came with it.

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3
Q

What did the Tenants-In-Chief give the Under-tenants and what did they get in return?

A

Land. In return they got tax and military service

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4
Q

What did the under-tenants give the peasants and what did they get in return?

A

Land to be worked. In return they got land service and rent.

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5
Q

What were the tenants in chief military role?

A

They fought alongside the king and out down local opposition

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6
Q

What was the tenant in chiefs social role?

A

They gave the king knights and organised land transfer. They also provided courts in each barony.

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7
Q

What was the tenants in chiefs political role?

A

They gave the king food and shelter when he traveled, and also advice.

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8
Q

What was the tenant in chiefs role in the economy?

A

They gave the king a share of their revenue

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9
Q

What was homage?

A

Landowners swore an oath of loyalty on the Bible toward William

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10
Q

What was a relief?

A

When a tenant died their heir would prove loyalty to William and pay to use that land

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11
Q

What did landholding do?

A

It was a new system to encourage loyalty and reduced the power of challengers

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12
Q

What was forfeiture?

A

The punishment for breaking an agreement between a landholder and tenant

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13
Q

What would happen if the landholder didn’t provide the required service?

A

They pay a fine or forfeit land

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14
Q

How many knights were there in Norman England?

A

Around 6000

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15
Q

What did knights do?

A

Guarded the lord’s property, helped defeat threats, dealt with minor cases in manorial courts and provided 40 days of knight service.

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16
Q

How many days of service did knights provide?

A

40 days

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17
Q

What was labour service?

A

Work that peasants did in return for the use of land, involving farm work/providing service

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18
Q

What did church clerks do?

A

Issued the king’s writs

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19
Q

What was a writ?

A

the king’s written commands

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20
Q

What did church officials do?

A

Collected taxes and kept a record of what was owed

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21
Q

What did church leaders do?

A

Kept laws and legal documents

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22
Q

What were bishops and what did they control?

A

They were the heads of cathedrals who controlled the diocese

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23
Q

What was a regent?

A

An archbishop who represented the king in negotiations

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24
Q

Who was Lanfranc?

A

King William’s regent when he was away in Normandy

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25
Q

Who was Stigand? Why was he appointed?

A

Stigand was the Saxon archbishop of Canterbury, he was appointed because he was a close ally of Earl Godwinson.

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26
Q

Who replaced Stigand in 1020?

A

Lanfranc, he was made head of the Church in England

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27
Q

What was Stigand accused of?

A

Simony and pluralism (he was Bishop of Canterbury and Winchester, so had more land/money)

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28
Q

What was simony?

A

selling of church positions

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29
Q

What was pluralism?

A

high church officials held multiple positions in the church

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30
Q

What was nepotism?

A

Positions were also often given to relatives and friends rather than the best candidate.

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31
Q

What did it mean to be celibate?

A

Members of the clergy weren’t meant to have sex or be married, they had to devote their lives to God

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32
Q

After 1070 how many Saxon bishops were left? Who?

A

1, it was Wulfstan of Wolcester

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33
Q

Name some of Lanfranc’s reforms

A

> Built more monasteries
From 1076 priests were only tried in bishops’ courts
Introduced Norman guidelines for following/creating new laws
Wanted more spiritual priests, so banned marriage and made celibacy compulsory
Saxon cathedrals in rural towns were rebuilt in market towns (eg/ Thetford to Norwich)

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34
Q

How much of the land did the church hold?

A

25%

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35
Q

Name some of the processes of the Normanisation of the Church

A

> More archdeacons that looked after Church courts
William controlled Church leader/Pope communications to stop people obeying the Pope over him
William chose a bishop’s successor when they died
New bishops did homage to the king
Parish priests were under stricter control and had to follow Norman procedure
Norman bishops and archdeacons influenced messages about the king and God

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36
Q

What was the Domesday book?

A

a survey of every town in England for tax purpose

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37
Q

Why did the Domesday book come about?

A

King William ordered a survey at Christmas 1085 to see who held what land and tax info. The results were collected across the country and written into the Domesday book in 1086.

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38
Q

What were the 3 aspects of the Domesday book?

A

Financial, Legal and Military

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39
Q

What was the financial aspect of the Domesday book?

A

William wanted to get more money out of his tenants, there was many geld taxes from 1084-86

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40
Q

What was the legal aspect of the Domesday book?

A

The survey helped solve land disputes and boosted William’s image as a fair king

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41
Q

What was the legal aspect of the Domesday book?

A

The survey helped solve land disputes and boosted William’s image as a fair king

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42
Q

What was the military aspect of the Domesday book?

A

There was an invasion threat in 1085 from Denmark. The book showed how many soldiers each tenant could provide.

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43
Q

Name some of the changes to society in Norman England

A

> KING: William built castles and cathedrals as a power symbol and introduced the feudal system as a way to have full control over society
NOBLES: Earls became tenants-in-chief and their earldoms became smaller to reduce their power. They were no longer in a position to challenge the king’s power
ECONOMY: William stopped trade with Scandinavian countries. Trade with Normandy increased and large cities grew rapidly
WARRIORS: Thegns were replaced by knights, who had less power
PEASANTS/SLAVES: The number of ceorls went down. William wanted more land revenue, bringing peasants under more pressure. the Normans freed many slaves.

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44
Q

What was a Ceorl?

A

A free peasant (freeman)

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45
Q

Name the continuities of society in Norman England

A

> KING: Roles in the household didn’t change but William replaced the Saxons with Normans
NOBLES: Saxon earls swore loyalty to Edward and tenant-in-chiefs payed homage to William
ECONOMY: Towns kept trading rights given to them by Saxon kings
WARRIORS: Thegns owed Edward military service and knights owed the king knight service
PEASANTS/SLAVES: Peasants still had to farm for their land, they were still at the very bottom of society

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46
Q

How did William have total control?

A

He centralized control

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47
Q

Why were some earldoms phased out?

A

The earl’s power was reduced

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48
Q

What did William use regents for?

A

To control the country when he was away (eg/ Lanfranc)

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49
Q

How did Sheriff roles change?

A

> All Saxons were replaced by Normans
They were more powerful
Looked after castles in their shire
Some of their legal roles were taken over by baronial, manorial and church courts

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50
Q

What was forbidden in forests?

A

> Hunting weapon
Hunting dogs
Damage to the vegetation (for the animals)
Restrictions on cutting wood, building and clearing

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51
Q

What did the forest show people about the king?

A

He had power and was above everyone else. As he extended it he extended the amount of land he had direct control over.

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52
Q

How did William make money from the forest?

A

From fining people and selling hunting rights

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53
Q

Many Normans were illiterate, what does this mean?

A

They couldn’t read or write

54
Q

What language were all legal and church documents written in?

A

Latin

55
Q

What language did the Normans speak?

A

Many Normans spoke French and their children often spoke French and English

56
Q

Could William speak English?

A

He gave up learning English as he didn’t have time

57
Q

What does Vernacular mean?

A

The native language

58
Q

Normans changed many words as they couldn’t pronounce many sounds. What’s an example of one they changed?

A

‘Snottignham’ became ‘Nottingham’ because they couldn’t pronounce the ‘Sn’

59
Q

What were the Norman aristocrats?

A

Nobles and other important people who showed off their power, wealth and superiority

60
Q

What was chivalry?

A

Looking up to knights and treating enemies in a certain way

61
Q

What would male aristocrats often do regarding their hair? Why?

A

They’d often shave the back of their heads as it showed wealth because it was a luxury few could afford

62
Q

What did the Normans do to Saxon saint’s relics and why?

A

They threw out the relics ad destroyed the saints tombs because they believed they were superior to the Englishmen they conquered

63
Q

What did the Normans build? Why?

A

Bigger cathedrals, churches and castles because it was a symbol of power and intimidated many Saxons.

64
Q

Who was Bishop Odo in relation to the king?

A

He was King William’s 1/2 brother who helped with the invasion of England

65
Q

What Earldom was Odo rewarded and what did this make him?

A

He was rewarded the earldom of Kent, making him the second largest landowner after William

66
Q

Who was Odoco-regent with in 1067 when William was away?

A

William FitzObern

67
Q

Name some of his corrupt behavior that landed him in prison in 1082

A

> The Domesday book showed him illegally taking land
He was sent to Northumberland in 1079 to deal with trouble. When he was here he damaged the region, robbed people and stole cathedral treasures.
Tried to take William’s knights on a trip to Rome, this went against the king’s powers as they were loyal to him, not the tenant-in-chief

68
Q

Why was Odo released from prison in 1087?

A

On his deathbed William was persuaded to release him

69
Q

What did William want, linking to land?

A

To own everything and he tried to get more revenue out of his tenants

70
Q

What did William supposedly do on his deathbed?

A

Repent all his sins

71
Q

What did William do when he was younger?

A

Survived several assassination attempts

72
Q

Describe William’s family tree

A

William married his cousin, Matilda of Flanders. They had 3 sons:
1- Robert
2- William Rufus (the second)
3- Henry

73
Q

What did William’s sons inherit?

A

Robert - Normandy
William Rufus- England
Henry- £5000

74
Q

Who was arguably William’s favorite son?

A

William Rufus

75
Q

What did Robert do in 1077? Why?

A

Tried to take over William’s castle because his brothers played a prank on him

76
Q

What happened when William wanted Robert and his supporters arrested?

A

Robert fled and was taken in by King Phillip of France, he began launching raids from a castle in Normandy

77
Q

What happened between Robert and William in 1079?

A

William was left defeated when Robert knocked him off his horse in battle and ordered him to leave

78
Q

What did Matilda organise in 1080?

A

A reunion between William and Robert, where they made up

79
Q

How did William die?

A

In July 1087 he was in pain for weeks after being thrown from his horse and died on the 9th September

80
Q

What happened at Williams’s funeral?

A

His corpse was so fat it burst being forced into the coffin. The smell was so bad people left the cathedral.

81
Q

What did William’s servants do hen he died?

A

They panicked and stole everything, leaving his stripped course on the floor.

82
Q

What did people believe of William’s death?

A

It was full of bad omens

83
Q

Who crowned William Rufus? When?

A

Lanfranc crowned William Rufus in September 1087

84
Q

Why did Odo and many barons not want William Rufus to be king?

A

They believed Robert should rule Normandy England

85
Q

What did Odo do in 1088

A

He begun a rebellion against William Rufus

86
Q

Who was Odo joined by in the rebellion?

A

His 1/2 brother, Robert of Mortain

87
Q

Where did William Rufus catch Odo and Robert of Mortain?

A

Pevensey Castle, using local fyrd troops

88
Q

Why was religion a huge part of Norman England life?

A

Everyone was Catholic, they all believed in God and Heaven and Hell

89
Q

What types of art were used to show the ‘realities’ of Heaven and Hell? Why?

A

Doom paintings and stained glass portrayed what happened in Heaven and Hell, they were often used to scare people. They were used because many people were illiterate.

90
Q

What did the Church do?

A

It owned a lot of land, so controlled it, judged criminal cases, helped govern the country, produced books and cared for the sick

91
Q

What would the Parish Priest do?

A

Lead Church services, helped the sick, listened to confessions, did marriages and baptisms

92
Q

Name the ways William influenced the church/religion

A

> Built an abbey in Hastings after the battle to thank God
Divided the country into dioceses
Replaced Saxon bishops with Normans
Believed there was too much corruption, so heavily enforced the rules (including celibacy)

93
Q

How did the Normans change land ownership?

A

The Normans divided it between Norman earls, it took a long time to look after this land

94
Q

How did the Normans change the laws?

A

They kept the Saxon system of Exchequer and minting. Peasants could no longer hunt for food. Murdrum fines were introduced for whole areas if a Saxon killed a Norman

95
Q

What was the system of Exchequer?

A

Looking after the kings money

96
Q

What was minting?

A

Making coins

97
Q

How did Normans change castles?

A

Castles helped defend Norman lords. They became centers for trade. They were huge as to intimidate Saxons and also peasants, who often lost land to make room for them.

98
Q

How did Normans change language?

A

French took over English and was now used in court. Latin was still the language of religion. Peasants stuck to the old language but gradually Norman words, such as arrow, Armour and castle, crept in.

99
Q

What was a guild?

A

Groups of people from the same trade

100
Q

What did markets and fairs need to take place? What happened at them?

A

They needed the king’s permission. Traders came to them to buy and sell

101
Q

What were Burgesses?

A

People who owned an rented property. They would be in the upper ranks of society.

102
Q

Why did towns grow? Name an example

A

Some grew because of markets where they could trade items. Eg/ St Edmond of Ely

103
Q

What did a peasant pay to the Church?

A

A tithe

104
Q

What was a tithe?

A

the tax paid to the church that was 10% of a serf’s income

105
Q

What did peasants have to do?

A

They had to do ‘born work’ for the lord, for nothing

106
Q

How often did peasants work? When were their days off?

A

6 days a week. They had Sundays and holy days, such as Easter off.

107
Q

What would peasants do on their days off?

A

Entertainment consisted of traveling musicians, men with bears, wrestling, shin fighting and cock fighting

108
Q

What did peasant’s meals consist of?

A 
Breakfast- Pottage (porridge)
Lunch- Rye bread
Evening meal- Vegetables
Drinks- beer or ciders
The manor house would have luxuries of cakes and pastries
109
Q

When did peasants start/finish work?

A

They woke up 1/2 hour before sunrise and started work at first light, they finished at sunset

110
Q

What would peasants do in the different seasons?

A

Spring- sow seeds
Summer- harvest crops
Autumn- plough fields
Winter- try to survive

111
Q

What was the open field system in Norman villages?

A

The lord had 25% of the land and the rest was split into strips for the peasants

112
Q

What were peasant’s houses like?

A

Cold, damp and dark with small windows. The whole family would be in one room. Animals would be brought in at night (for safety+warmth)

113
Q

Where did the lord live?

A

A manor house

114
Q

What was the manor house like?

A

Made of stone, it was warm and secure

115
Q

What was the village church like?

A

At the centre of the village it was the centre of Norman life. A bell was rung twice a day to signal when to start/end work

116
Q

What was a reeve in charge of?

A

day-to-day village management

117
Q

What did the barrif do?

A

Collect taxes

118
Q

What did the local priest do?

A

Ran the local church, they were in charge of different ceremonies such as marriage

119
Q

What did the miller do?

A

Produced grain to make bread

120
Q

When was Durham Cathedral built?

A

1093

121
Q

Where was Durham Cathedral built? Why?

A

On top of a hill to make it appear prominent

122
Q

What style was Dham Cathedral built in?

A

Romanesque

123
Q

List some changes made to monasteries after 1066

A

> Normans wanted to bring back the obedience
Each Cluniac monastery answered directly to the Abbot of Cluny
There would be meetings of priors at Cluny to deal with any issues

124
Q

How did the Normans revive monasticism?

A

> The number of monks/nuns rose from 1000-4000
Religious houses rose from 60-250
4 cathedrals went to 29

125
Q

What took up most of a monk’s day? Why?

A

They spent most the day praying as they’d agreed to devote their life to God and wanted to increase their chance of getting into heaven

126
Q

What were the priorities of the Benedictine Rule?

A

> 8 prayer services a day
Monks wore a habit as part of their vow of poverty
Ate 2 vegetarian meals a day
Cared for the sick
Didn’t speak
Clean shaven with shaved bald spot on top of head

127
Q

What was a failure of the revival of monasticism?

A

Not all monasteries converted to the Cluniac rule

128
Q

What were the downsides to the change in education?

A

> It had to be paid for, so was out of reach for peasants and the poor
There was little impact as they taught very few subjects
Monks wrote all the text

129
Q

What was a chastity

A

A vow a monk had to take

130
Q

What was a cluniac?

A

A type of monk who followed the Benedictine rule

131
Q

What was the tonsure?

A

The part of the monks head left bald

132
Q

What were new monasteries known as?

A

the ‘Spiritual arm of the military conquest’

History: The Normans (4 decks)

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